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VERSAMAP (version 1.51)
15 November 1995
Copyright 1991-1995 by Charles H. Culberson
8 Ritter Lane
Newark, Delaware 19711
U.S.A.
Phone: 302-731-0694
Internet: 70511.3134@compuserve.com
CompuServe: 70511,3134
CONTENTS PAGE
1. Introduction 2
1.1. Computer Requirements for Running VERSAMAP 3
1.2. Disclaimer 3
1.3. Registration 3
1.4. Plotting the Default World Map 4
1.5. Finding your Way with Latitude and Longitude 5
1.6. Keys with Special Functions in VERSAMAP 6
1.6.3. Exit the program 6
2. Running VERSAMAP 9
3. Projection menu 10
4. Map Design menu 16
5. Input/Output menu 32
6. Run menu 41
7. Sources of Digital Map Data for use with VERSAMAP 42
7.1. World Data Bank II 42
7.2. Micro World Data Bank II 46
7.3. VERSAMAP Micro World Database 47
7.4. USGS Digital Line Graph Data 47
7.7. Importing Your Own Data into VERSAMAP 52
8. Use of VERSAMAP with Graphing Programs 55
9. Program Compatibility with Software and Hardware 56
9.1. Running VERSAMAP under Windows 56
10. Installing VERSAMAP 57
11. VERSAMAP Order Form 58
12. Acknowledgements 61
13. Glossary 62
14. References 65
15. Index 66
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 1
1. Introduction
Welcome to VERSAMAP, a versatile mapping program for drawing outline
maps on 14 different map projections. Maps can be printed on dot
matrix or laser printers; and exported as PCX, CGM, DXF, PIC, or
ASCII files, for use with paint programs, word processors, and
presentation or technical graphics programs. VERSAMAP is supplied
with Courier and Helvetica fonts which allow text to be added to
maps displayed on the screen.
The shareware version of VERSAMAP contains the following files:
VMAPREAD.ME -- how to get started
VMAP.EXE -- the mapping program
VMAP4.MAP -- digital map of the world (16,000 points)
VMAP.DOC -- instruction manual
REGISTER.DOC -- order form
VMTAIWAN.PKV -- sample map of Taiwan from World Data Bank II
VMOAHU.GRV -- sample map of Oahu from USGS DLG database
VMAPUSER.PRN -- ASCII file containing latitude, longitude data,
study this file to learn how to plot your own
data with VERSAMAP
VMAPUSER.UTM -- ASCII file containing coordinates in meters,
study this file to learn how to plot your own
UTM data with VERSAMAP
VM_FIX.MPS -- utility file used to concatenate World
Digitized binary map files
VM_FIX.MP1 -- utility file used to concatenate World
Digitized ASCII map files.
VMVENDOR.DOC -- information for shareware vendors
VENDINFO.DIZ -- information for shareware vendors
FILE_ID.DIZ -- information for BBS operators
COUR_EGA.FON -- fixed-space Courier font for EGA
COUR_VGA.FON -- fixed-space Courier font for VGA
The following additional files are supplied with the registered
version of VERSAMAP:
HELV_EGA.FON -- proportional Helvetica font for EGA
HELV_VGA.FON -- proportional Helvetica font for VGA
VMAP3.MAP -- digital map of the world (31,000 points)
VMAP5.MAP -- digital map of the world (6,000 points)
VMCITY.PRN -- ASCII file that can be plotted from VERSAMAP
containing positions and names of 606 world
cities
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 2
Additional, more detailed maps are also available; see Section 7 for
details. Please make backup copies of the VERSAMAP distribution
disks before running the program.
1.1. Computer Requirements for Running VERSAMAP
MS-DOS 3.0 or higher;
EGA or VGA;
640K memory;
hard disk.
A math coprocessor is not required to run VERSAMAP but the program
will run 3-4 times faster if one is installed.
VERSAMAP will not change your AUTOEXEC.BAT or CONFIG.SYS files, it
will not alter your keyboard settings, and it will not write any
files to disk without your permission.
Instructions for installing VERSAMAP are given in the file
VMAPREAD.ME on the VERSAMAP distribution disk.
1.2. Disclaimer
Users of VERSAMAP must accept this disclaimer of warranty:
"VERSAMAP is supplied as is. The author disclaims all warranties,
expressed or implied, including, without limitation, the warranties
of merchantability and of fitness for any purpose. The author
assumes no liability for damages, direct or consequential, which may
result from the use of VERSAMAP."
Do not use this program for navigation! Use the proper aeronautical
or nautical charts for navigation.
1.3. Registration
Shareware distribution gives users a chance to try software before
buying it. VERSAMAP is a "shareware program" and is provided at no
charge to the user for evaluation. If you find this program useful
and find that you continue to use VERSAMAP after a reasonable trial
period, you must register the program. The registration fee will
license one copy for use on any one computer at any one time. You
must treat this software just like a book. An example is that this
software may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved
from one computer location to another, so long as there is no
possibility of it being used at one location while it's being used
at another. Just as a book cannot be read by two different persons
at the same time.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 3
Registration of the program is $15 for which you will receive a copy
of the most recent version of the program; Helvetica fonts for EGA
and VGA; the additional digital map files VMAP3.MAP (31,000 points)
and VMAP5.MAP (6,000 points); and a gazetteer, VMCITY.PRN,
containing the names and positions of 606 major world cities.
Registration entitles you to support by mail, telephone, and
electronic mail, concerning problems you encounter with VERSAMAP.
An order form is included in the file REGISTER.DOC, and in Section
11 of this manual.
You are encouraged to share a copy of VERSAMAP with your friends for
evaluation. Please encourage them to register their copy if they
find it useful.
This program is produced by a member of the Association of Shareware
Professionals (ASP). ASP wants to make sure that the shareware
principle works for you. If you are unable to resolve a
shareware-related problem with an ASP member by contacting the
member directly, ASP may be able to help. The ASP Ombudsman can
help you resolve a dispute or problem with an ASP member, but does
not provide technical support for members' products. Please write
to the ASP Ombudsman at 545 Grover Road, Muskegon, MI 49442-9427,
USA; FAX 616-788-2765; or send a CompuServe message via CompuServe
Mail to ASP Ombudsman 70007,3536.
1.4. Plotting the Default World Map
Before reading the rest of the manual, let's plot a map of the
world. This will familiarize you with the operation of VERSAMAP.
The rest of the manual should make more sense once you have actually
used VERSAMAP.
VERSAMAP has built in defaults which plot a world map, from 90 N to
90 S latitude, and from 180 W to 180 E longitude, on an
Equirectangular projection. The default settings will not print any
files to disk.
To run VERSAMAP with the default settings:
1. change to the drive and directory containing VERSAMAP;
2. type VMAP;
3. press the Enter key.
A screen with a menu bar across the top will appear once the program
has loaded. The pull-down menus are selected by pressing the Alt
key, followed by the highlighted letter of the desired menu; or by
pointing and clicking the left mouse button.
To plot the world map:
1. press the Alt key, to access the menus
2. press R, to select the Run menu
3. press Enter, to select the Size 100% option and begin the plot.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 4
When the map begins plotting, the top line of the screen will
display (1) a reminder that pressing the Esc key will terminate
plotting and return you to the menu bar; (2) the name of the map
input file being read, VMAP4.MAP in this case; and (3) the number of
points which have been read from the input file, VMAP4.MAP.
The menu bar will reappear when the map is finished plotting. The
default map takes 11 seconds to plot on a 33 MHz 486 computer.
To exit the program and return to DOS:
1. press the Esc key, to halt plotting;
2. press the Alt key, to access the menus;
3. press P, to select the Projection menu;
4. press X from the Projection menu to exit the program.
Pressing the Esc key halts program execution and returns you to the
menu bar. Pressing Esc will not exit the program.
Please read the rest of the instruction manual before attempting to
plot maps which do not use the default parameters.
1.5. Finding your Way with Latitude and Longitude
To use this program you should be familiar with the concepts of
latitude and longitude.
Latitude is the angular distance (in degrees) of a point on the
earth's surface north or south of the equator. The maximum values
of latitude are 90 N (north pole) and 90 S (south pole). The
equator is 0 N/S latitude.
Longitude is the angular distance (in degrees) of a point on the
earth's surface east or west of the meridian that passes through
Greenwich, England. The maximum values of longitude are 180 W and
180 E (the international date line). The meridian passing through
Greenwich is 0 E/W longitude.
Latitude and longitude values in VERSAMAP are entered as degrees,
minutes, seconds. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute, and 60 minutes
in 1 degree. One degree of latitude is equal to 60 nautical miles
(1 nautical mile = 6080 feet = 1.8532 kilometers = 1.1515 statute
miles). One minute of latitude is equal to 1 nautical mile. One
second of latitude is equal to 101 feet (31 meters).
For example, the position for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, written as
degrees, minutes, and seconds (22 degrees, 53 minutes, 43 seconds
south latitude; 43 degrees, 13 minutes, 22 seconds west longitude)
is,
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 5
Deg Min Sec
latitude = 22 53 43 S
longitude = 43 13 22 W
The position for Paris, France (48 degrees, 50 minutes, 14 seconds
north latitude; 2 degrees, 20 minutes, 14 seconds east longitude)
is,
Deg Min Sec
latitude = 48 50 14 N
longitude = 02 20 14 E
If you are unfamiliar with the use of latitude and longitude to
locate points on the surface of the earth, please consult an
encyclopedia or an atlas.
1.6. Keys with Special Functions in VERSAMAP
1.6.1. Esc
Pressing the Esc key halts program execution and returns you to the
menu bar. Pressing Esc will not exit the program.
If you are in the process of plotting or printing a map, the program
checks the Esc key each time the record number or point, shown in
the upper right corner of the screen, is updated. Consequently, the
program may take several seconds to respond after Esc is pressed.
1.6.2. Alt
Pull-down menus are selected by pressing the Alt key, followed by
the highlighted letter of the desired menu. Individual menu items
are selected by pressing the highlighted letter of each item; by
moving through the menu with the up or down cursor keys, and then
pressing Enter to select the item; or by moving the mouse cursor
over the desired item and pressing the left mouse button.
1.6.3. Exit the program
To exit the program and return to DOS:
1. press the Esc key, several times if necessary, to halt plotting
or erase the current window(s);
2. press the Alt key, to access the menus;
3. press P, to select the Projection menu;
4. press X from the Projection menu to exit the program.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 6
If a window is on the screen or a map is in the process of being
drawn, you must press Esc before you can access the menus and exit
the program.
1.6.4. Letter B
Pressing the letter B erases the menu bar and changes the background
color of the menu bar to the background color of the map. This
feature is useful if you use a screen-capture program to save maps
displayed on the screen. You must press B a second time, or press
Esc, to redisplay the menu bar and reactivate the pull-down menus.
1.6.5. Letter T
Pressing the letter T toggles the menu bar on and off; and replaces
it with the name of the current projection, and the time taken to
draw the current map. You must press T a second time, or press Esc,
to redisplay the menu bar and reactivate the pull-down menus.
1.6.6. Using a mouse
Most VERSAMAP features can be accessed by pointing and clicking the
left mouse button. Windows and pull-down menus can be closed by
clicking the left mouse button when the mouse cursor is outside the
window or menu box.
1.6.7. Moving around windows
The windows which pop up when menu selections are made contain
several types of items: (1) input fields; (2) vertical list boxes;
and (3) pushbuttons.
Input fields allow numeric and alphabetic input into the program.
An example of a window with numeric input fields is the LATITUDE AND
LONGITUDE LIMITS window displayed after selecting the Map Boundaries
option in the Map Design menu. You can move within an input field
with the right, left, Home, and End cursor keys. To enter data into
an input field, type the correct characters from the keyboard, and
press Enter. Use the Tab key to move between lines in this window.
Vertical list boxes allow one or more items in a list to be chosen.
An example of a window with a vertical list box is the SELECT MICRO
WORLD DATA BANK II FEATURES window displayed after selecting the
Geographic Features option in the Map Design menu. Move through the
list with the up and down cursor keys, and select the correct
item(s) by pressing the Space Bar or Enter. The item(s) selected
will be highlighted or indicated with a checkmark.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 7
If the number of items in the list is too large to fit inside the
box, a scroll bar will appear along the right side of the box,
allowing all items to be viewed.
Pushbuttons, indicated by text inside brackets, such as < ok >,
allow the user to control program execution. An example of a window
with a pushbutton is the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LIMITS window
displayed after selecting the Map Boundaries option in the Map
Design menu. The text inside the brackets indicates the action to
be taken when the pushbutton is selected. The brackets of the
currently active pushbutton are highlighted, and its text is shown
in all capital letters. To select a pushbutton, tab to that button
and press Enter.
Use the Tab key to move between items when more than one list box or
pushbutton occur in a window.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 8
2. Running VERSAMAP
Each map projection in VERSAMAP has built in latitude/longitude
defaults which are active the first time you access the projection
during each session with VERSAMAP. These defaults allow you to plot
maps using each map projection without getting error messages. The
defaults are only active the first time you access a particular map
projection. For instance, if you access the Mercator projection,
then the Equirectangular projection, and then return to the Mercator
projection, the latitude limits of the grid will be those of the
previous Equirectangular projection, 90 N/S, and you will get an
error message if you attempt to plot a Mercator projection without
changing the grid.
Sections 3 through 6 provide a detailed discussion of each VERSAMAP
pull-down menu. For your first experience with VERSAMAP you should
run the program with its default settings (see Section 1.4).
When VERSAMAP is started, the following menu bar appears at the top
of the screen.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Projection Map Design Input/Output Run
-----------------------------------------------------------------
When you begin plotting a map, by selecting an option in the Run
menu, the menu bar is replaced by the following line. This line is
not a menu bar, it is for your information only.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Esc: goto menu Input file: Reading record:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
While a map is plotting, the top line of the screen displays (1) a
reminder that pressing the Esc key will terminate plotting and
return you to the menu bar; (2) the name of the current map input
file; and (3) the number of points which have been read from the
input file.
Once the map is completed, the menu bar reappears on the top line.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 9
3. Projection menu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Projection Map Design Input/Output Run
+----------------------------------------------------------------
| Mercator |
| Equirectangular |
| Hammer equal-area |
| Robinson |
|---------------------------|
| Equidistant conic |
| Conformal conic |
| Albers equal-area |
|---------------------------|
| Gnomonic |
| Stereographic |
| Orthographic |
| Vertical Perspective |
| Azimuthal equidistant |
| Azimuthal equal-area |
|---------------------------|
| UTM |
|---------------------------|
| Exit |
+---------------------------+
This menu lists the map projections on which you can plot your map.
VERSAMAP assumes that the earth is a sphere of radius 6,371 km for
all projections except the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). The
UTM projection assumes that the earth is an ellipsoid.
Maps can be classified by the type of projection (azimuthal, conic,
cylindrical) used in their construction; or by their common
properties (azimuthal, conformal, equal-area, and equidistant).
On azimuthal projections, the direction from the central point of
the map to any other point is correct, and the scale of the map is
constant along any circle centered on the map center.
On conformal projections, the map scale is the same in all
directions at a given point.
On equal-area projections, the relative areas of all regions on the
map are correct. However, shapes of particular areas may be greatly
distorted.
On equidistant projections, the scale is constant along all great
circles from one or two points.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 10
3.1. Mercator
A conformal projection on which meridians and parallels are parallel
lines perpendicular to each other. Meridians are equally spaced,
parallels are unequally spaced. The north and south poles cannot be
plotted because they project to infinity.
The scale is true along the equator, or along two parallels
equidistant from the equator. Since the scale increases rapidly
away from the equator, the areas of polar regions are greatly
exaggerated compared to those of equatorial regions.
The Mercator projection is commonly used for maps of the world, and
is designed so that straight lines on the map are rhumb lines (lines
of constant compass bearing). This is a useful property in
navigation and many nautical charts use the Mercator projection.
3.2. Equirectangular
Meridians and parallels are equally spaced parallel lines
perpendicular to each other. The scale is true along the two
standard parallels and along all meridians. The scale along
parallels is too small between the equator and the standard
parallels, and too large between the standard parallels and the
poles.
The map can be visualized as projected on a cylinder which
intersects the globe at two standard parallels equidistant from the
equator. VERSAMAP allows the user to select the latitude of the
standard parallels.
The fact that meridians and parallels are equally spaced makes
interpolation easy. The projection is useful for maps of small
regions, since distortion is not large if one of the standard
parallels is chosen to bisect the region under consideration.
3.3. Hammer Equal-Area
An equal-area projection useful for maps of the entire world.
The central meridian is a straight line. Other meridians are curves
concave to the central meridian and intersecting at the poles. The
equator is a straight line; other parallels are arcs concave toward
the nearest pole.
The scale of the projection is only correct along the equator and
the central meridian.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 11
3.4. Robinson
This projection is useful for general purpose world maps with a
pleasing visual appearance. The National Geographic Society uses
the Robinson projection for world maps.
The central meridian and all parallels are straight lines. Other
meridians are curves concave to the central meridian. The map scale
is true along 38 N and 38 S latitudes.
3.5. Equidistant Conic
An equidistant conic projection on which meridians are equally
spaced lines converging at a point beyond one of the poles.
Parallels are equally spaced circular arcs centered on the point
where the meridians converge. The poles are circular arcs of
infinite scale. Distortion on the projection is intermediate
between that of equal-area and conformal conic projections.
The scale is true along meridians and along two standard parallels.
VERSAMAP allows the user to select the latitudes of the standard
parallels.
3.6. Conformal Conic
A conformal conic projection on which meridians are equally spaced
lines converging at a point, which is one of the poles. Parallels
are unequally spaced circular arcs centered on the point where the
meridians converge. The pole opposite the point of convergence
cannot be shown.
The scale is true along two standard parallels, which VERSAMAP
allows the user to select.
3.7. Albers Equal-Area Conic
An equal-area conic projection on which meridians are equally spaced
lines converging at a point beyond one of the poles. Parallels are
unequally spaced circular arcs centered on the point where the
meridians converge. The poles are shown as circular arcs of
infinite scale. This projection is commonly used to maps of the 48
conterminous United States.
The scale is true along two standard parallels, which VERSAMAP
allows the user to select. Since the projection is equal area, the
scale at any point on a meridian is the reciprocal of the scale
along a parallel at that point.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 12
3.8. Gnomonic
An azimuthal projection with the characteristic that great circles
plot as straight lines. This projection is commonly used for long
distance navigation, since the shortest distance between two points
on the projection is the straight line connecting them.
The range of the Gnomonic projection must be less than 90 degrees,
relative to the center of the map. The scale of the projection is
only correct at the map center, and distortion increases rapidly
away from the center.
3.9. Stereographic
A conformal azimuthal projection. The polar aspect of this
projection is commonly used for maps of polar regions.
The range of the projection cannot be more than 90 degrees, relative
to the center of the map.
3.10. Orthographic
An azimuthal projection which has the appearance of a globe, and
which resembles the earth as seen from a great distance in space.
The range of the projection cannot be more than 90 degrees, relative
to the center of the map. Map scale is only true at the center of
the map.
3.11. Vertical Perspective
An azimuthal projection which shows the earth as it appears from any
point above the earth's surface. The projection provides views of
the earth resembling those seen from space.
The area of the earth's surface that can be displayed by this
projection is less than 1 hemisphere. VERSAMAP allows the user to
select the distance above the surface from which the earth is
viewed. The default distance is 35,840 km (the distance of
geosynchronous communication and weather satellites above the
equator).
3.12. Azimuthal Equidistant
An azimuthal projection on which the distance between the map center
and any other point on the map is true. By centering the map at the
location of interest, you can determine the distance from that point
to any other place on the earth.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 13
This projection can show the entire globe. The scale of the map is
true along any straight line radiating from the center of the
projection.
3.13. Azimuthal Equal-Area
An equal-area azimuthal projection which is recommended for maps of
nearly circular regions of the globe.
The projection can show the entire globe. The scale of the
projection is only correct at the center of the map.
3.14. UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator
The Transverse Mercator projection is a normal Mercator projection
which has been rotated 90 degrees so that the projection is tangent
to the earth along a central meridian, rather than along the
equator. If the scale along the central meridian is made slightly
less than 1, the projection becomes tangent to the earth along 2
small circles equidistant from the central meridian. The scale
factor of the central meridian is often set equal to 0.9996. In this
case, lines of true scale (scale 1.0000) occur 180 km (97 nautical
miles) on either side of the central meridian. Because scale errors
on the Transverse Mercator are small near the central meridian, this
projection is commonly used to map areas near the central meridian.
The projection is not used to map large regions.
When applied to an ellipsoidal earth, the Transverse Mercator is
also called the Gauss-Kruger projection. The UTM is a special case
of the Gauss-Kruger projection.
The UTM projection differs from the other projections in VERSAMAP in
several respects.
1. It assumes that the earth is an ellipsoid, not a sphere.
Although this assumption complicates the mathematics, it is
necessary for accurate mapping of small areas. All other
projections used by VERSAMAP assume that the earth is a sphere
of radius 6,371 km.
2. Positions are expressed in meters, not as degrees of latitude
or longitude.
3. Positions can be located more precisely on the UTM than on the
other projections used by VERSAMAP. Positions on the UTM can
be located to fractions of a meter; whereas positions on the
other projections, which are rounded to the nearest second of
latitude and longitude, are precise to about 30 meters.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 14
The UTM was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1947 for large scale maps of
the world. For use with the UTM, the earth is divided into 60
longitudinal zones, each 6 wide, running east from 180 W. The
first zone is centered on 177 W longitude; the 30th zone on 3 W; the
31st zone on 3 E; and the 60th zone is centered on 177 E.
Latitudinal bounds for the UTM extend from 84 N to 80 S. The
Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projection is used for maps of
the polar regions extending north of 84 N or south of 80 S.
The UTM projection in VERSAMAP can also be used to plot maps on the
Gauss-Kruger projections used for various national grids. The user
may select the ellipsoid; the scale factor of the central meridian;
the longitude of the central meridian; the latitude of the map
origin; the false easting; and the false northing.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 15
4. Map Design menu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Projection Map Design Input/Output Run
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| Map Boundaries |
| Standard Parallels |
| Great Circle |
| Grid Type |
| Geographic Features |
|-----------------------|
| Add Text to Map |
| Select Font |
| Display Previous Text |
|-----------------------|
| Labels |
|-----------------------|
| Background Color |
| Grid Color |
|-----------------------|
| Save Map Design |
| Recall Map Design |
+-----------------------+
This menu allows you to modify the design of your map. You may
change the boundaries of the map (ZOOM in or out); select the
standard parallels, if any; define a Great Circle to be plotted;
define the type of grid superimposed upon the map; select the
geographic features that you wish to plot; add text to the map;
display labels associated with map points; change the background and
grid colors of the map; and save your selected map parameters for
recall at a later time.
4.1. Map Boundaries
This option allows you to increase or decrease (ZOOM in or out) the
area covered by a map. After selecting this item, one or more
windows appear in which the boundaries of the map projection are
entered. Data entered define the area to be plotted, and the
spacing of grid marks on the finished map.
4.1.1. Non-azimuthal projections
The following items are displayed in the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
LIMITS window for non-azimuthal projections (Mercator,
Equirectangular, Hammer equal-area, Robinson, Equidistant conic,
Conformal conic, Albers equal-area).
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 16
Northernmost latitude of the map?
Southernmost latitude of the map?
Degrees of latitude between grid marks?
Westernmost longitude of the map?
Easternmost longitude of the map?
Degrees of longitude between grid marks?
For the non-azimuthal projections, you define the map boundaries by
specifying the northern and southern latitudes, and western and
eastern longitudes of the map.
VERSAMAP requires that the grid spacing you select for non-azimuthal
projections yield equally spaced divisions between the northern- and
southernmost latitudes, and between the western- and easternmost
longitudes. You will get an error message, requiring you to edit
the data, if the degrees between grid marks that you have chosen do
not yield equally spaced divisions along the axes. For example, the
northernmost latitude of the default Equirectangular projection is
90 N and the southernmost latitude is 90 S. The difference between
the northernmost and southernmost latitudes is 180 degrees of
latitude. The Degrees of latitude between grid marks for the
default Equirectangular projection is 30 degrees, which divides
evenly into the distance between the northernmost and southernmost
latitudes (180/30 = 6.00). However, you would get an error message
if you tried to set the Degrees of latitude between grid marks to 19
degrees, since 19 does not divide evenly into 180 (180/19 = 9.47)!
Once you have entered the items in the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LIMITS
window and pressed the < ok > button, the program checks for errors
in the latitude/longitude limits of your map projection, and for
errors in grid spacing. If the program detects an error, it prints
an error message on the screen telling you to correct the mistake.
For instance, the program will not allow a Mercator projection to be
plotted if the Northernmost latitude is 90 N (north pole) or if the
Southernmost latitude is 90 S (south pole). Try entering 90 N as
the Northernmost latitude limit for a Mercator projection. In this
case, an error message will appear, forcing you to edit the data.
Pressing the < cancel > button allows you to exit the window and
ignore any changes made to the latitude and longitude limits of the
map. Pressing < cancel > restores the latitude and longitude limits
in use when the window was opened.
4.1.2. Azimuthal projections
For azimuthal projections (Gnomonic, Stereographic, Orthographic,
Vertical Perspective, Azimuthal equidistant, Azimuthal equal-area)
the following items are displayed in the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
LIMITS window.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 17
Central latitude of the map?
Degrees of latitude between grid marks?
Central longitude of the map?
Degrees of longitude between grid marks?
Range of map in degrees?
The map boundaries of azimuthal projections are defined by
specifying the position at the center of the map (central latitude,
central longitude), and the range of the map. The range of the map
is the arc distance, in degrees, from the center of the map to the
edge of the map. Note, that in VERSAMAP, all azimuthal map
projections plot with a circular shape. Since the central meridian
of the azimuthal projections is a straight vertical line, the Range
of map in degrees is best thought of as the distance in latitude,
along the central meridian, from the center of the map to the top
edge of the map.
For azimuthal projections, VERSAMAP requires that the Degrees of
latitude between grid marks that you select, yield equally spaced
divisions when divided into 180 degrees; and that the Degrees of
longitude between grid marks that you select, yield equally spaced
divisions when divided into 360 degrees. You will get an error
message, requiring you to edit the data, if the degrees between grid
marks that you have chosen do not yield equally spaced divisions
when divided into 180 or 360 degrees. For example, the Degrees of
latitude between grid marks for the default Stereographic projection
is 30 degrees, which divides evenly into 180 degrees (180/30 =
6.00). However, you would get an error message if you tried to set
the Degrees of latitude between grid marks to 25 degrees, since 25
does not divide evenly into 180 (180/25 = 7.20)!
For the Vertical Perspective projection (satellite view), the item
Range of map in degrees is replaced by Distance above surface in
kilometers. As the distance from the earth's surface increases, the
area (range) of the Vertical Perspective projection increases. The
default distance, 35840 km, is the distance of geosynchronous
communications and weather satellites above the equator.
4.1.3. UTM projection
Three windows are used to define the parameters needed to plot a map
on the UTM projection.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 18
4.1.3.1. UTM spheroid
The first window, SELECT UTM SPHEROID, allows the user to select 1
of 9 ellipsoids that define the earth's shape. The following table
lists spheroids used for particular regions of the earth.
Spheroids used to map different regions of the earth in the UTM
and the Gauss-Kruger projections.
Spheroid Scale Region
Factor
Spheroids for the UTM Projection
Clarke (1866) 0.9996 North America, Philippines
Clarke (1880) France, most of Africa
Everest (1830) India, Burma, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Thailand
Bessel (1841) Most of Central Europe,
Chile, China, Indonesia
International (1924) Remainder of world
Spheroids for Gauss-Kruger Projections
Airy (1830) 0.9996 Britain, Ireland
Krasovsky (1940) 1.0000 Soviet Union, Warsaw Pact
Once a spheroid has been selected, the parameters defining its shape
(equatorial radius and flattening) are listed in the Map Parameter
Report option of the Input/Output menu.
4.1.3.2. UTM parameters
The second window, SELECTION OF UTM PARAMETERS, allows the user to
select the following map parameters. The default values shown below
plot a map of Ireland.
Central longitude of UTM zone? 009 00 00 W
Latitude of map origin? 00 00 00 N
False easting? 0500000
False northing? 00000000
Scale factor of central longitude? 0.9996
For the UTM projection, the only parameters which vary are the
central longitude of the UTM zone and the false northing. All other
parameters are constant.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 19
The central longitude of a given UTM zone is calculated as follows,
Central longitude of UTM zone = -183 + 6 * (zone number)
where negative values represent west longitude. Ireland is in zone
29, which runs from 12 W to 6 W.
The false easting and false northing are added to the calculated x,y
coordinates so that positions on the map are always positive. On
the UTM projection, the false northing is 0 for maps in the northern
hemisphere, and 10,000,000 for maps south of the equator; the false
easting is always 500,000.
For the Gauss-Kruger projection, the above parameters may vary
depending on the national grid chosen. The following table gives
values for Britain, Ireland, and countries of the former Warsaw
Pact.
Gauss-Kruger Projection Parameters for National Grids
Britain Ireland Warsaw Pact
Central longitude: 02 00'W 08 00'W UTM zone
Latitude of map origin: 49 00'N 53 30'N 00 00'N
False easting: 0400000 0200000 0500000
False northing: 00100000 00250000 00000000
Scale factor: 0.9996 0.9996 1.0000
Spheroid: Airy Airy Krasovsky
The central longitude for the Warsaw Pact countries is the same as
the equivalent UTM longitude.
4.1.3.3. UTM boundaries
The third window, BOUNDARIES OF UTM PROJECTION, allows the user to
define the map boundaries and grid spacing. The default values
shown below plot a map of Ireland.
Northern boundary of map in meters? 06200000
Southern boundary of map in meters? 05600000
Meters between north/south grid marks? 00100000
Western boundary of map in meters? 0300000
Eastern boundary of map in meters? 0800000
Meters between east/west grid marks? 0100000
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 20
The boundaries of the UTM projection are defined by specifying their
coordinates in meters. The x-axis runs from left to right; the
y-axis from bottom to top.
VERSAMAP requires that the grid spacing you select for the UTM
projection yield equally spaced divisions between the northern and
southern boundaries, and between the western and eastern boundaries.
You will get an error message, requiring you to edit the data, if
the meters between grid marks that you have chosen do not yield
equally spaced divisions along the axes. In the above example, the
northern boundary of the default UTM projection is 6,200,000 meters
and the southern boundary is 5,600,000 meters. The difference
between the northern and southern boundaries is 600,000 meters. The
Meters between north/south grid marks for the default UTM projection
is 100,000 meters, which divides evenly into the distance between
the northern and southern boundaries (600,000/100,000 = 6.00).
However, you would get an error message if you tried to set the
Meters between north/south grid marks to 125,000 meters, since
125,000 does not divide evenly into 600,000 (600,000/125,000 = 4.8)!
4.1.3.4. Estimation of UTM coordinates
The conversion between geographic coordinates (latitude and
longitude in degrees) and UTM coordinates (meters) is not obvious.
The following paragraphs show how to estimate the x,y coordinates of
a UTM projection given the latitude and longitude limits of the map.
Since 90 degrees of latitude is nearly equal to 10,000,000 meters,
the y coordinate corresponding to a given latitude is approximately,
y coordinate = false northing + (10,000,000/90)*latitude
= false northing + 111111*latitude
For example, the y coordinate for a point at 50 N latitude is
approximately 5,555,550 meters; for a point at 50 S the y coordinate
is about 4,444,450 meters (10,000,000 - 111111*(-50)).
To determine the x-axis limits of a UTM projection, first determine
the central longitude of the UTM zone in which the map occurs,
Central longitude of UTM zone = -183 + 6 * (zone number)
Use the following criteria to check your calculated value for the
central longitude: central longitude of UTM zone plus 3 must be
evenly divisible by 6. In equation form,
(Central longitude of UTM zone + 3)/6 = integer
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 21
Once you have determined the central longitude, set the Western
boundary of map in meters to 0 meters, and the Eastern boundary of
map in meters to 1,000,000 meters. This will draw a map 1000 km
wide, centered on the central longitude. You can then gradually
increase the western boundary and decrease the eastern boundary
until the map covers the area of interest.
4.2. Standard Parallels
After selecting this item, a window appears in which the latitudes
of the standard parallels are entered.
4.2.1. Conic Map Projections
The conic projections in this program (equidistant conic, conformal
conic, Albers equal-area) require that you select 2 standard
parallels of latitude. The scale of the map is true along the
standard parallels; the spacing of the parallels determines the
angle between meridians on the map.
There are 2 constraints on selection of the standard parallels:
1. they must lie between the northern- and southernmost latitudes
of your grid; and
2. they cannot be symmetrical about the equator. Standard
parallels at 20 N and 20 S are not allowed, because this would
turn the cone into a cylinder.
The program places default values for the standard parallels at 1/6
and 5/6 of the distance between the northern- and southernmost
latitudes of the grid.
When this screen appears, the cursor will be in the first position
of the degrees column of the northernmost standard parallel. If the
default values are acceptable, tab to the < ok > button and press
Enter to continue.
To change the values, tab to the line to be edited, enter the new
value in the field you wish to edit, and press Enter. The cursor
will skip to the next field. Enter a new value if desired and press
Enter. Continue until you have edited the last field. When done,
tab to the < ok > button and press Enter.
If you attempt to enter standard parallels which are equally spaced
about the equator, the program will print an error message and force
you to change the latitude of one or both parallels.
Pressing the < cancel > button allows you to exit the window and
ignore any changes made to the standard parallels. Pressing
< cancel > restores the standard parallels in use when the window
was opened.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 22
4.2.2. Equirectangular Map Projection
This projection requires 2 standard parallels at equal distances
north and south of the equator. You may only select the northern
standard parallel. The other parallel is automatically placed in
the southern hemisphere at an equal distance from the equator.
The program places default values for the standard parallels at 1/2
the distance between the northern- and southernmost latitudes of the
grid if the northern- and southernmost latitudes lie in the same
hemisphere. If the northern- and southernmost latitudes of the grid
lie in opposite hemispheres, then the standard parallels are placed
at 1/2 the distance between the equator and whichever of the
northern- or southernmost latitudes of the grid lies closer to a
pole.
When this screen appears, the cursor will be in the first position
of the degrees column of the northernmost standard parallel. If the
default values are acceptable, tab to the < ok > button and press
Enter to continue.
To change the values, enter a new value in the field being edited
and press Enter. The cursor will skip to the next field. Enter a
new value if desired and press Enter. Continue until you have
edited the last field. When done, tab to the < ok > button and
press Enter.
Pressing the < cancel > button allows you to exit the window and
ignore any changes made to the standard parallels. Pressing
< cancel > restores the standard parallels in use when the window
was opened.
4.3. Great Circle
This option allows you to define the endpoints of a Great Circle,
the shortest distance between 2 points on the earth's surface. The
default endpoints will plot the Great Circle between San Francisco
and Kuwait. The course and distance at selected waypoints along the
Great Circle can be viewed by selecting the Great Circle Report
option from the Input/Output menu.
To plot a Great Circle, enter the starting and ending latitudes and
longitudes, tab to the < ok > button, and press Enter. Once you
press < ok >, a second window titled SELECT GREAT CIRCLE COLOR will
appear, allowing you to plot the Great Circle in any 1 of 16 colors.
The Great Circle will be displayed on the next map to be plotted,
and will be shown on all successive maps. To display a Great Circle
you have defined, select one of the Size options from the Run menu.
To stop plotting a Great Circle that you have previously defined,
tab to the < cancel > button, and press Enter.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 23
4.4. Grid Type
This window allows you to select the type of grid that you wish
superimposed on your map. You have several choices,
1. the outer boundary of the grid shown as a solid line and the
interior grid points plotted as individual points (the
default);
2. the outer boundary of the grid shown as a solid line and no
interior grid points plotted;
3. all grid points connected by lines;
4. all grid points plotted as individual points with no lines
connecting them; and
5. no grid (the map will be plotted without any latitude or
longitude markings).
To get a quick view of the appearance of the different grid choices,
select a grid type, then enter a null string (i.e. no file name) for
the map input filename, and finally plot the map. In this case, the
program will plot the grid, but no map, on the screen.
In VERSAMAP, the azimuthal map projections (Gnomonic, Stereographic,
Orthographic, Vertical Perspective, Azimuthal equidistant, Azimuthal
equal-area) are truncated to fit a circular shape, and points that
lie outside the bounding circle are not plotted. Due to the complex
shape of the grid for these projections, the outside boundary of the
map may not be well marked when grid type 4 (all grid points plotted
as individual points) is selected. To indicate the edge of the map
for azimuthal projections with grid type 4, VERSAMAP plots a
bounding circle, composed of discrete points spaced 3 degrees apart.
4.5. Geographic Features
After selecting this item, a window appears which contains a list of
geographic features (coastlines, islands, lakes, rivers, countries,
U.S. States, Canadian Provinces, Australian States) in Micro World
Data Bank II (MWDB-II) files which can be plotted by VERSAMAP. Move
through the vertical list with the up and down cursor keys, and
toggle the features on or off with the space bar. Checkmarked
features will be plotted. The defaults plot all features. Move to
Proceed and press Enter to exit the window.
You may select a different color for each geographic feature. The
color in which a geographic feature will be plotted is displayed to
the left of the feature name. As you move through the geographic
feature list box, a second list box appears, allowing you to select
the color of each geographic feature.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 24
The map files supplied with VERSAMAP (file extension .MAP) are an
enhanced version of MWDB-II and can be used to plot the different
features. Please note that the original MWDB-II files (file
extensions .ALL, .CCI, .PNT) do not contain data for Canadian
Provinces or Australian States.
VERSAMAP has the ability to plot as many as 9 map files, one after
the other, on a map. These 9 map files represent different layers
or features on your map. Features selected by accessing the
Geographic Features option in the Map Design menu only affect
features plotted for the first map file (which will be the default
map input file, VMAP4.MAP, until you enter a new filename in the Map
Input Filenames option of the Input/Output menu). When you enter a
MWDB-II filename in the Map Input Filenames option, VERSAMAP
automatically prompts you for the geographic features that you wish
to plot for that particular file.
In addition to MWDB-II, VERSAMAP allows geographic features to be
plotted from 2 other digital map databases: (1) World Data Bank II
(WDB-II), a digital map database covering the entire world, which
contains 36 different geographic categories; and (2) U.S. Geological
Survey Digital Line Graph (USGS DLG) data, a database covering the
United States, containing 72 different geographic features. These
are the most detailed map databases that can be plotted with
VERSAMAP; they are described in Sections 7.1 and 7.4. Geographic
features for WDB-II and USGS DLG map files are selected when you
enter their filenames in the Map Input Filenames option of the
Input/Output menu.
4.6. Add Text to Map
You may chose the size, color, orientation, and content of text to
be entered on the map. When you select this option, a window
appears containing 6 boxes labeled Text #, Size, Color, Angle, PIC
Font, and Text. The use of each box is described below.
Text #:
VERSAMAP allows you to store 100 text strings (and their associated
size, color, angle, PIC font, and position) in memory to be recalled
later. The Text # box allows you to select the number of the text
string to be entered.
Size:
This box allows you to select the point size of the text that will
be written on the map. The fixed-space Courier font has 3 possible
sizes: 8, 10, 12 point. The proportionally spaced Helvetica font
has 6 sizes: 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 point. The height of the
font in inches is equal to the point size divided by 72. A 24 point
font has letters 1/3 inch high.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 25
Color:
You may print text in any 1 of 16 colors.
Angle:
You may print text in 1 of 4 orientations. Selecting 0 prints the
text horizontally from left to right; selecting 90 prints the text
vertically with the first letter at the bottom; selecting 180
prints the text horizontally, upside down, from right to left;
selecting 270 prints the text vertically with the first letter at
the top.
PIC Font:
The PIC Font number has no effect on maps which are not exported as
PIC files.
The text that you enter on the map will be incorporated in any Lotus
PIC graphics file that you export. Text in PIC files can be printed
in 1 or 2 fonts. These Lotus fonts are not the same as the Courier
and Helvetica fonts supplied with VERSAMAP.
The PIC Font box allows you to select the font number, 1 or 2, with
which you want the text string to be printed when you print your PIC
file. For instance, the PrintGraph utility from Lotus 1-2-3 version
2.2 allows you to chose 2 fonts from a list of 11 possible fonts
(block1, block2, bold, forum, italic1, italic2, Lotus, Roman1,
Roman2, script1, script2).
If you plan to export maps as PIC files, I recommend that you
prepare a test map annotated with both the Courier and Helvetica
fonts in all possible point sizes. Export this test map from
VERSAMAP as a PIC file, import the file into your graphics program,
and print the PIC file from within your graphics program. This will
give you an idea of the appearance of each font in its various
sizes.
Text:
Type the text that you want printed on the map in the Text box, and
press Enter to store the string. You must press Enter to save the
text string!
Text strings can have a maximum length of 56 characters. With 12
point or larger text, you may not be able to fit 56 characters
across the map.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 26
The following table lists the keystrokes necessary to print a degree
sign, , in applications running under DOS or Windows. To print a
degree sign for all output options except Save as DXF, hold down the
Alt key and type the number 176 or 248 on the numeric keypad.
Output Option DOS Windows
Screen Alt-248 Alt-248
Print Map Alt-248 Alt-248
Save as PCX Alt-248 Alt-248
Save as CGM Alt-248 Alt-176
Save as PIC Alt-176 Alt-176
Save as DXF %%d %%d
The keystrokes Alt-176 will be displayed as a stippled block, , and
an underline character, _, in VERSAMAP, but will print a degree sign
when the output file is printed.
To incorporate a degree sign in a DXF file, type the 3 character
sequence, %%d. These 3 characters will be displayed as a degree
sign when the DXF file is imported into AutoCAD. If %%d does not
display a degree sign in your application, try Alt-176 or Alt-248.
4.6.1. Positioning text on the map
After selecting the text parameters, tab to the < ok > button, and
press Enter. The window will disappear, and the text string
previously entered in the Text box will be printed in the upper left
corner of the map. The mouse or the cursor keys are used to place
the text string in the desired position on the map. The horizontal
and vertical pixel position of the cursor is continuously updated in
the upper right corner of the screen.
The menu bar is erased when you press the < ok > button. It is
replaced by a reminder that pressing Esc will restore the menus. To
access the menus again you must press Esc or click the left mouse
button on the top line of the screen. This will terminate text
addition, and reactivate the menus.
If you have a mouse, move the mouse cursor to the position at which
you want the text to appear, then press the left mouse button. The
mouse cursor represents the lower, left corner of the text string.
The text string will appear in the new position. Pressing the left
mouse button toggles the text string on and off. The program will
beep if the position you have chosen is too near the edge of the map
to print the full text string.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 27
You can use the up, down, right, and left cursor keys to position
the text string if you do not have a mouse. The cursor position is
represented by a plus sign, +. The plus sign is not visible until
you press one of the cursor keys. The distance the cursor moves is
controlled by pressing the numbers 3, 2, or 1. Pressing the number
3, causes the cursor to move 50 pixels each time a cursor key is
pressed; pressing the number 2, causes the cursor to move 10 pixels
each time a cursor key is pressed; and pressing the number 1, causes
the cursor to move 1 pixel each time a cursor key is pressed. Once
the cursor is in the correct position, press Enter. The center of
the + represents the lower, left corner of the text string.
Pressing Enter, toggles the text string on and off. The program
will beep if the position you have chosen is too near the edge of
the map to print the full text string.
Once you have placed the text in the correct location, press Esc (or
click the left mouse button on the top line of the screen) to
terminate text addition, and reactivate the menus.
4.6.2. Adding additional text to the map
To enter a second text string on the map, press Esc to activate the
menus and select the Add Text to Map option in the Map Design menu.
Place the highlight bar over the number 2 in the Text # box, and
press Enter. Then proceed to modify the text parameters as
necessary. The second text string will print in the upper left
corner of the screen when the < OK > button is pressed; this string
will overprint any text already present in the upper left corner.
However, the original text will be restored when you move the second
text string to a new location on the screen.
Text that you enter on the map will be incorporated into maps that
you print or save using the Print Map or Save as PCX, CGM, DXF, or
PIC options in the Input/Output menu. Text entered on maps is not
incorporated into maps saved with the Save as ASCII option, since
most technical and business graphing programs have the ability to
annotate imported graphs.
4.7. Select Font
This option allows you to select the font used to print text on the
screen. You may select a fixed-space Courier font or a
proportionally spaced Helvetica font.
The fonts used by VERSAMAP are stored in 4 files with the file
extension .FON:
COUR_EGA.FON, COUR_VGA.FON
HELV_EGA.FON, HELV_VGA.FON
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 28
The program will select the correct font for your video adapter.
Fonts labeled _EGA are for EGA adapters, and those labeled _VGA for
VGA adapters. After making backup copies, you may delete the
unnecessary font files to save disk space. The Helvetica fonts are
only included in the registered version of VERSAMAP.
The font files must be in the same directory as the VERSAMAP
program, VMAP.EXE.
After selecting this option a window titled SELECT FONT appears.
The default font is fixed-space Courier. If this is acceptable,
press Enter. To select the Helvetica font, highlight Helvetica with
the down arrow key, and press Enter.
You may add text in both fonts to the same map. However, using both
fonts on the same map is not recommended. The length of a text
string depends on the font and point size; text which fits on a map
in one font and point size may not fit on the map in the second
font. Use only one font per map if you plan to export a map as a
CGM, DXF, or PIC vector graphics file. The vector graphics files
exported by VERSAMAP allow only 1 font to be specified, that font
will be the last font selected before exporting the file.
4.8. Display Previous Text
This option allows you to redisplay, on the screen, all previously
defined text strings. Once text is redisplayed it can only be
erased by redrawing the map.
4.9. Labels
This option allows you to import text that will be displayed next to
points plotted by VERSAMAP. The PRN and UTM ASCII file formats
supported by VERSAMAP allow you to include a text string that can be
printed next to the latitude, longitude or x,y coordinates of the
point. The file structure of the PRN and UTM files is discussed in
Section 7.7, Importing Your Own Data into VERSAMAP.
You may select one of the following items in the Labels option,
Do Not Display Labels
Display Labels
Convert Labels to Text
Erase Labels Converted to Text
The default setting, Do Not Display Labels, ignores labels contained
in a PRN or UTM file.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 29
Selecting Display Labels causes VERSAMAP to display labels contained
in a PRN or UTM file when the next map is drawn. Labels are
displayed to the lower right of their associated point. Labels
which would extend off the right side of the screen are displayed to
the lower left of the point. Labels displayed by selecting Display
Labels are incorporated in maps saved with the Print Map and Save as
PCX options of the Input/Output menu; they are not incorporated into
maps saved as vector graphics files with the Save as CGM, DXF, PIC,
or ASCII options.
The Convert Labels to Text item converts labels displayed on the
screen into text objects that can be edited from within VERSAMAP.
When you select this option, labels which were previously imported
into VERSAMAP using the Display Labels item are converted into text
strings that can be edited using the Add Text to Map option. Labels
which have been converted to text are added to the end of the list
of text strings in the Add Text to Map option. Labels converted to
text can be edited and repositioned using the Add Text to Map
option. In addition, labels which have been converted to text are
included in maps saved as CGM, DXF, and PIC vector graphics files.
To convert labels to text, perform the following steps,
1. Select Display Labels
2. Replot your map to display the labels
3. Select Convert Labels to Text
If you now access the Add Text to Map option in the Map Design menu,
and page down through the list of text strings, you will see that
the labels have been converted to text strings and occur at the end
of the list.
The last menu item, Erase Labels Converted to Text, deletes any
labels, that you have previously converted to text, from the text
strings in the Add Text to Map option.
A detailed example showing how to display labels is given in Section
7.7, Importing Your Own Data into VERSAMAP.
4.10. Background Color, Grid Color
These options allow you to change the background or grid color of
the map, to any 1 of 16 colors. The new color that you select will
be displayed when the next map is plotted. If you plan to export
maps as PCX or CGM files, and to print them as black on white,
change the background color to white and the grid color to black.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 30
4.11. Save Map Design
This option allows you to save the map parameters you have selected
in a configuration file for recall at a later time. After selecting
this item, a window titled ENTER FILENAME FOR CONFIGURATION FILE
appears. Type in the filename and press Enter to select the
filename. Press Enter on the < ok > button to save the
configuration file to disk. Your configuration file will be written
to disk immediately after you press the < ok > button.
4.12. Recall Map Design
This option allows you to recall a previously defined configuration
file. After selecting this item, a window titled RECALL MAP DESIGN
appears. This window contains a vertical box, listing all
configuration files (file extension .CNF) in the current directory.
Move to the desired file and press Enter to load the file into
VERSAMAP. The configuration file will be loaded immediately after
you press Enter.
VERSAMAP does not automatically display a new map when a
configuration file is loaded into the program. To display the new
map, you must manually plot the map by selecting the checkmarked
option in the Run menu. If the new map includes text, you must also
redisplay the text using the Display Previous Text option in the Map
Design menu, once you have redrawn the map.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 31
5. Input/Output menu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Projection Map Design Input/Output Run
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| Map Input Filenames |
| Map Parameter Report |
| Great Circle Report |
| View Disk Directory |
|-----------------------|
| Print Map |
| Select Printer |
|-----------------------|
| Save as PCX |
| Save as PIC |
| Save as CGM |
| Save as DXF |
| Save as ASCII |
| Save Great Circle |
+-----------------------+
This menu allows you to enter filenames for input and output files;
to display a report describing the currently selected map; to
display a report listing course and distance at waypoints along a
Great Circle; to view the contents of any disk directory; to print
the map on dot matrix and laser printers; and to save maps as disk
files.
You may export maps produced by VERSAMAP: (1) by copying the screen
directly to your printer; (2) as bit-mapped PCX graphics files; (3)
as vector graphics CGM, DXF, or Lotus PIC files; and (4) as vector
based ASCII files.
Maps exported by options 1 and 2 are limited by the resolution of
your monitor. Even with a VGA monitor, the screen resolution (640
pixels horizontally, 480 pixels vertically) is fairly coarse. Maps
exported as CGM, DXF, or PIC files (option 3) are independent of
monitor type and have much greater resolution (3200 dots
horizontally, 2311 dots vertically) than PCX files. If you have a
choice, export your maps as CGM, DXF, or PIC files. This is
particularly true if you have an EGA monitor. The most detailed
maps produced by VERSAMAP are those produced by saving them as ASCII
files (option 4). The resolution of these vector based ASCII files
is limited only by the resolution of the input map boundary files.
However, the use of ASCII files produced by option 4 requires a
technical graphing program that can import large data sets.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 32
5.1. Map Input Filenames
This option allows you to select the digital map file(s) that you
wish to plot, and to define the symbols and colors used to plot
them. After selecting this item, a window appears in which the
names of the digital map files you wish to plot are entered. Up to
9 filenames may be entered. You can think of these 9 input files as
representing different layers or features on your map.
The default file name for the first input file is VMAP4.MAP in the
current directory. VMAP4.MAP is the world map included on the
VERSAMAP disk. The default file names of the remaining 8 map input
files are null strings (i.e. no file name). The program displays
the current path, but no filename, for input files which have not
been defined.
When the window is first displayed, the cursor is located at the end
of the first input file name. Type in the correct path name and
press Enter to accept the path name.
Symbol Type and Size:
Once you enter a filename, a second window will appear which allows
you to specify the symbol used to plot the points in that file.
The symbol type determines whether your data is plotted as lines,
points, crosses, squares, diamonds, triangles, or circles. If you
select the symbol type Line, all points on a particular polyline
will be connected by straight lines. This is the default symbol
type for all files.
The other symbol types (Point, Cross, Square, Diamond, Triangle,
Circle) allow you to superimpose individual latitude/longitude
points on a map created from a digital map database.
In addition, you may chose the size of the symbols used to plot your
data. The size that you enter is the radius of the symbol in
pixels. The maximum size is 99 pixels. Size has no effect on the
Line and Point symbol types, these two types are always 1 pixel
wide.
NOTE: File types (DAT, MP1, MPS, PNT, PRN, UTM) without multiple
geographic features allow you to select the color with
which to plot the file from this window.
Once you have entered the symbol type, size, and color (if any) for
the first input file, tab to the < ok > button and press Enter.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 33
Label Size and Color:
ASCII files with file extensions PRN or UTM may contain text labels.
For these 2 file types, a window titled SELECT LABEL SIZE & COLOR
allows you to select the point size and color of labels you wish
printed on the map.
Geographic Features:
For file types (ALL, CCI, MAP, PKV, PKD, GRV, GRF) which contain
multiple geographic features, the program will prompt you to enter
the geographic features to be plotted.
You may select a different color for each geographic feature. The
color in which a geographic feature will be plotted is displayed to
the left of the feature name. As you move through the geographic
feature list box, a second list box appears, allowing you to select
the color of each geographic feature.
Once you select Proceed on the Geographic Features list box, the
window disappears, and you are prompted for the name of the second
map input file (if any). If you wish to input a second map boundary
file, type its name and press Enter. Continue until you have
entered all of your map input files.
Once you have entered the last map input file that you wish plotted,
tab to the < ok > button in the ENTER FILENAMES FOR MAP INPUT FILES
window, and press Enter.
The program does not require any input map boundary files. If you
do not wish to input data, erase the default filename (up to the
rightmost backslash) of the first input file; press Enter; then tab
to the < ok > button; and press Enter. In this case, only the map
grid (if any) will be plotted on the screen.
VERSAMAP will accept map boundary input files from the following
digital map databases: World Data Bank I, World Data Bank II, Micro
World Data Bank II, The World Digitized, and U.S. Geological Survey
Digital Line Graph Data. In addition, VERSAMAP will accept input in
an ASCII text format. Section 7 contains a detailed discussion of
the various map databases that VERSAMAP recognizes.
VERSAMAP recognizes the various databases by their file name
extensions. The file names that you enter on this screen must have
one of the extensions given in Section 7. However, the names that
you enter can have different extensions. For instance, your first
file could be from Micro World Data Bank II with the extension .ALL,
your second file could be from the U.S. Geological Survey Digital
Line Graph database with the extension .GRF, and your third file
could be from World Data Bank II, with the extension, .PKV.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 34
5.2. Map Parameter Report
The Versamap parameter report lists various information about the
map: the projection type; the grid type; the latitude/longitude
limits of the map; the maximum/minimum values of the transformed x,y
map coordinates; scale and area errors at selected points on the
map; and the names of the map input files.
The X-axis Length and Y-axis Length, listed under Relative Length of
Axes, are used to scale maps exported as ASCII file(s) to technical
and business graphics programs. The use of these two parameters is
described in Section 8.
Use the up, down, Home, and End keys to scroll through the report.
Press F1 to print the report. Press Esc to exit the report and
return to menu bar.
5.3. Great Circle Report
Selecting this option displays a report listing the course and
distance at selected waypoints along a Great Circle previously
defined in the Great Circle option of the Map Design menu.
The column labeled Course gives the initial course in degrees from
the current waypoint to the next waypoint. A course of 0 or 360
represents due north; 180 represents due south. The last 2
columns, list the cumulative distance in nautical miles (nm) or
kilometers (km) from the initial point of the Great Circle to the
given waypoint.
Use the up, down, Home, and End keys to scroll through the report.
Press F1 to print the report. Press Esc to exit the report and
return to menu bar.
5.4. View Disk Directory
This window allows you to view the contents of any disk and
directory. Disk drives are indicated by the letters <drive> to the
right of the drive letter. To select a disk drive, move the
highlight bar over the drive letter and press Enter. Directories
are indicated by the letters <dir> to the right of the directory
name. To select a directory, move the highlight bar over the
directory and press Enter. The path which has been selected is
displayed immediately above the vertical list box.
The files in the directory are listed after the last directory
listing.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 35
5.5. Print Map
Maps displayed on the screen may be printed on dot matrix or laser
printers. When you select this item, a window titled MAP PLACEMENT
ON PAGE IN INCHES appears, which allows you to define the dimensions
and page placement of the printed map.
This option copies the entire screen, except the menu bar, to the
printer. The default settings place the map in the center of the
page, and set the width (the entire screen width) at 6 inches. The
width and height of the printed map are dependent. Adjusting the
width automatically fixes the height. Any text displayed on the map
will be printed. The grid spacing, and other information about the
printed map that you need to annotate it, can be obtained from the
Map Parameter Report option in the Input/Output menu.
Use the Tab key to move between items. To print the map, tab to the
< ok > button and press Enter. The map will begin printing
immediately after you press the < ok > button. The Print Map option
is slow! On an Epson LQ-800, 24-pin, dot matrix printer, the
default map takes 1.2 minutes to print from a 33 MHz 486 computer.
Press Esc to exit a map that is currently being printed.
5.6. Select Printer
Before you print a map, you must select the type of printer which
will print the map. When you select this item, a window titled
SELECT PRINTER TYPE AND PORT appears. You may select one of three
printer types: Epson 9- or 24-pin dot matrix, or Hewlett-Packard
LaserJet II. If your printer is not compatible with one of these
printers, select None.
You may also select the printer port. Lpt1 is the default.
5.7. Save as PCX
Before saving the map as a bit-mapped PCX paint file, you must
specify the filename and path of the file. After selecting this
item, a window titled ENTER .PCX FILENAME appears. Type in the
correct filename and press Enter to select the filename, then tab to
the < ok > button and press Enter. Since the PCX file will be
written to disk immediately after you press Enter on the < ok >
button, the map you wish to save must be displayed on the screen.
The menu bar is not saved as part of the file.
Maps saved as PCX files are exported exactly as they are displayed
on the VERSAMAP screen. If you plan to edit your map in an another
program, and then to print it as black on white, you can use the
Background Color and Grid Color options in the Map Design menu to
plot your map as black on white before exporting it from VERSAMAP.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 36
Any text displayed on the screen (except the menu bar) will be
included in the PCX file. If you do not want text to be included in
the PCX file, redraw the map.
The grid spacing, latitude/longitude limits, and other information
that you may need to annotate the map, can be obtained from the Map
Parameter Report option in the Input/Output menu.
5.8. Save as PIC, Save as CGM, Save as DXF
Before saving a map as a CGM, DXF, or PIC vector graphics file, you
must specify the filename and path of the file. After selecting one
of these items, a window titled ENTER FILENAME appears. Type in the
correct filename and press Enter to select the filename, then tab to
the < ok > button and press Enter. Once you have specified the
filename, redisplay the map using the Size 100% or Size 70% options
in the Run menu. The file will be written to disk as the map is
drawn. The menu bar is not saved as part of the file.
NOTE: Since the CGM, DXF, or PIC file is written to disk as the
map is being plotted on the screen, you must enter the
filename, and then immediately redraw the map with the
Size 100% or Size 70% option.
Any text strings which have been defined with the Add Text to Map
option in the Map Design menu will be included in the CGM, DXF, or
PIC file, even if the text strings are not displayed on the screen.
If you do not want text to be included in the exported file, erase
any previously defined text strings.
To include text in a CGM, DXF, or PIC file, perform the following
steps:
1. draw the map on the screen,
2. annotate the map using the Add Text to Map option,
3. select a name for the file using the Save as PIC, Save as CGM,
or Save as DXF option, and
4. redraw the map using the same size option (Size 100% or Size
70%) that was used in step 1.
The file will be written to disk as the map is drawn on the screen
in step 4. Text added to the map in step 2 is not redisplayed on
the screen when the map is redrawn in step 4; however, it is
included in the CGM, DXF, or PIC file. Select the Display Previous
Text option in the Map Design menu to redisplay text previously
added to a map.
The grid spacing, latitude/longitude limits, and other information
that you may need to annotate the map, can be obtained from the Map
Parameter Report option in the Input/Output menu.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 37
Maps printed on black and white printers may be difficult to
interpret because of the many geographic features shown on the map.
For instance, due to the many lines on a map, it may be difficult to
distinguish roads from railroads, or political boundaries from
rivers. This difficulty can be alleviated by using VERSAMAP to
export each geographic feature as a separate CGM, DXF, or PIC file;
and then importing the CGM, DXF, or PIC files into a graphics
program, such as CorelDRAW!, which has the ability to import vector
graphics files as layers of a drawing. The line width and type
(solid, dashed, dotted) of each geographic feature (layer) can then
be modified to distinguished it from other features on the map.
NOTE: Due to their ASCII format, DXF files produced by VERSAMAP
are exceptionally large! The default Equirectangular map
occupies 797,293 bytes of disk space when exported in DXF
format.
5.9. Save as ASCII
This option allows your map to be exported to technical or business
graphing programs for the production of publication quality maps
(see Section 8, Use of VERSAMAP with Graphing Programs).
After selecting this option, a window titled ENTER FILENAMES FOR
ASCII OUTPUT FILES appears. The input fields in this window allow
you to name the various grid and map files to be exported. You may
choose any path names for these files.
To enter a filename, tab to the name to be edited, type in the
filename and press Enter. The cursor will then move to the next
filename (if there is one), or to the < ok > button.
The window contains lines for 1 or 2 grid filenames, depending on
the grid type selected in the Grid Type option of the Map Design
menu. In most cases, the window will contain space for a single
grid file. The only exception, the OUTSIDE BOUNDARY CONNECTED BY
LINES, INTERIOR GRID POINTS SHOWN grid type (the default), contains
space for two files: the first file contains the interior points,
the second the outside boundary.
The window contains lines for up to 9 map filenames, one for each of
the map input files selected in the Map Input Filenames option of
the Input/Output menu. Each map output file corresponds to the
corresponding map input file. For instance, if you have 5 map input
files, the fifth map output file will contain the transformed
latitude/longitude coordinates from the fifth map input file.
Data records in the ASCII grid and map output files have the
following format.
x coordinate | space (ASCII 32) | y coordinate |
carriage return (ASCII 13) | line feed (ASCII 10)
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 38
Data in most digital map databases is organized as polylines; each
polyline corresponds to a series of points which can be connected by
straight lines. In the ASCII output files, the beginning of each
new polyline is indicated by a dummy point in which the x and y
coordinates are both equal to 5.000000 (5 times the maximum x
coordinate of 1.000000). In an ASCII output file, any point with an
x coordinate of 5.000000 is a dummy point which indicates the
beginning of a new polyline, and which will plot outside the
boundaries of the map.
To output your map as a series of ASCII files, perform the following
steps:
1. draw the map on the screen using one of the Size options in the
Run menu;
2. select the Save as ASCII option in the Input/Output menu;
3. enter a name for each of the grid files listed under Grid
filename;
4. enter a name for each of the map files listed under Map
filename;
5. tab to the < ok > button and press Enter;
6. redraw the map using the same size option (Size 100% or Size
70%) that was used in step 1.
The file(s) will be written to disk as the map is drawn on the
screen in step 6. The Save as ASCII option does not export text
defined with the Add Text to Map option. Text displayed on the
screen is ignored when the map data is written to disk.
5.9.1. Converting exported ASCII x,y coordinates back to
latitude, longitude in degrees
Many users have asked how to convert ASCII x,y coordinates exported
from VERSAMAP back into latitude, longitude values for use in other
applications. This can be done by using the Equirectangular map
projection to export the data. The x-axis of the Equirectangular
projection is directly proportional to longitude; the y-axis is
directly proportional to latitude.
For an Equirectangular projection, the longitude in degrees
corresponding a given x coordinate is,
longitude = (longitude range of map)*(x coordinate) +
(minimum longitude of map)
If the calculated longitude is greater than 180 degrees, subtract
360 degrees from the calculated value.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 39
The latitude in degrees corresponding a given y coordinate is,
latitude = (latitude range of map)*(y coordinate)/(relative
length of y-axis) + (minimum latitude of map)
The relative length of the y-axis used in the above equation is
given in the Map Parameter Report option of the Input/Output menu,
under Relative Length of Axes. The relative length of the x-axis is
always 1.000000, corresponding to the maximum possible value of the
x coordinate. The relative length of the y-axis may be greater than
or less than unity, depending on the shape of the map. In your
calculations, ignore any points with x > 1; these points represent
polyline breaks.
5.10. Save Great Circle
This option allows the currently defined Great Circle to be written
to disk for later recall. The Great Circle is stored in the ASCII
PRN file format that can be read by VERSAMAP (see Section 7.7,
Importing Your Own Data into VERSAMAP). The purpose of saving Great
Circles to disk is to allow more than one Great Circle to be plotted
on a map. To plot more than one Great Circle on a map, export the
Great Circles as ASCII PRN files, and then import them back into
VERSAMAP using the Map Input Filenames option of the Input/Output
menu.
After selecting this option, a window titled ENTER GREAT CIRCLE
FILENAME appears. Type in the correct filename and press Enter to
select the filename. The cursor will then jump to the < ok >
button. Press Enter on the < ok > button to write the file to disk.
The ASCII PRN file contains the same latitude/longitude waypoints
listed in the Great Circle Report option of the Input/Output menu.
Please note that before saving a Great Circle to disk, you must
define its endpoints with the Great Circle option of the Map Design
menu.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 40
6. Run menu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Projection Map Design Input/Output Run
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| Size 100% |
| Size 70% |
+-----------+
This menu contains 2 items. Selecting Size 100% will plot the
largest possible map on the screen. Selecting Size 70% will plot a
smaller map with margins around all sides. The Size 70% option
allows you to add text in the margins of the map without writing
over the map itself.
Your map will begin plotting immediately after either item is
selected. The program will cease plotting and return to the menu
bar if Esc is pressed while the map is being drawn.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 41
7. Sources of Digital Map Data for use with VERSAMAP
VERSAMAP will generate maps from the following databases, available
commercially, as shareware, or in the public domain. In addition,
the program will accept input in a simple ASCII format. VERSAMAP
recognizes the various databases by their file extensions. The most
complete databases are (1) the Central Intelligence Agency's World
Data Bank II (WDB-II), a detailed world map; (2) Micro World Data
Bank II (MWDB-II), a smaller database derived from World Data Bank
II; and (3) the U.S. Geological Survey's Digital Line Graph Data
(USGS DLG), which contains detailed maps of all 50 states.
Which digital map database you use depends on the size of the area
you wish to map. For world maps, MWDB-II is the best choice.
Although WDB-II can be used to draw world maps, it contains so many
points that it plots very slowly when used to plot such a large
area. WDB-II is best used for maps of continental size or smaller.
The USGS DLG data is the best digital map database for plotting maps
at the state or county level in the United States.
7.1. World Data Bank II (WDB-II)
File extensions PKV, PKD
A database, developed by the Central Intelligence Agency, covering
the entire world. Latitude and longitude are given to the nearest
second. The original database is divided into 13 files containing
data for Asia, Europe-Africa, North America, and South
America-Antarctica. The complete set of 13 files contains 6
million, 20 character ASCII records, which require 120 million bytes
of disk space. WDB-II was last updated in January 1987.
WDB-II was digitized using all available source information. Maps
used ranged in scale from 1:750,000 to 1:4,000,000. Nominal scale
was 1:3,000,000. At 1:3,000,000 scale, 1 inch equals 47 statute
miles (1 cm equals 30 km). Successive points in the database are
never more than 127 seconds (approximately 2 miles or 3 km) of
latitude or longitude apart.
To make WDB-II easier to use on microcomputers, Micro Doc (3108
Jackson Street, Bellevue, NE 68005) has reformatted WDB-II in a
binary format (.PKD file extension). The binary format reduces
storage requirements by a factor of 10 (to 12 million bytes), and
vastly reduces the time required to draw maps. VERSAMAP can plot
maps using the binary form of WDB-II (.PKD file extension), and from
an enhanced version of Micro Doc's .PKD files (.PKV file extension),
developed specifically for VERSAMAP.
VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features from World Data
Bank II in the .PKV or .PKD file formats.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 42
Geographic Features in World Data Bank II
Rank Feature Name
PKV PKD
Major Category: International Boundaries or Limits of
Sovereignty
1 1 International Boundaries
2 2 Indefinite or in dispute
3 3 Separation line, land
4 4 Separation line, sea
5 5 Separation line, islands
6 6 Continental Shelf, Persian Gulf
7 7 Demilitarized zone, Israel
8 8 No defined boundary
Major Category: Coastlines, Islands, and Lakes
9 1 Coastlines, Islands, Lakes
10 2 Islands and lakes, large
11 3 Islands and lakes, medium
12 4 Islands and lakes, small
14 6 Intermittent lakes, large
15 7 Intermittent lakes, small
16 8 Reefs
17 9 Salt pans, large
18 10 Salt pans, small
21 13 Ice shelves, large
22 14 Ice shelves, small
23 15 Glaciers
Major Category: Rivers
24 1 Rivers
25 2 Rivers, large
26 3 Rivers, medium
27 4 Rivers, small
28 5 Rivers, double lined
29 6 Intermittent rivers, large
30 7 Intermittent rivers, medium
31 8 Intermittent rivers, small
33 10 Canals
34 11 Canals, small
36 13 Canals, irrigation
Major Category: Internal Political Boundaries
37 1 U.S. States
38 1 Canadian Provinces
39 3 Boundaries in Great Lakes
40 Australian States (not available in)
41 Scotland and Wales ( .PKD format)
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 43
The WDB-II .PKV files, developed specifically for VERSAMAP, differ
from Micro Doc's .PKD files in 2 respects.
First, .PKV files contain political boundaries for the new countries
which have formed from the Soviet Union and from Yugoslavia, for
Slovakia and Eritrea, for Australian States, and for Scotland and
Wales. These borders are not included in Micro Doc's .PKD files,
nor in the original ASCII version of WDB-II.
Second, inspection of the above table shows that the ranks, of
individual geographic features in Micro Doc's .PKD files, are not
unique to a single major category (International Boundaries,
Coastlines, Rivers, or Internal Boundaries). The duplication of
ranks between major geographic categories means that .PKD files
cannot be concatenated into a single large file without losing
information about which category a particular rank corresponds to.
To alleviate this problem, ranks in the specially modified .PKV
files have been redefined so that they are unique for each
geographical feature (see above table). This modification allows
.PKV files to be concatenated into a single large file for each
continent.
For use with VERSAMAP, the modified .PKV files were concatenated
into 5 files, each file containing all geographic features for a
particular region. The 5 regions are (1) Africa, (2) Eurasia
(Europe and Asia), (3) Oceania (Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand,
and the Pacific Islands), (4) Latin America (including Antarctica),
and (5) North America (Canada and the United States). The .PKV
files for individual regions or for the entire world are available
on high density, floppy disks from the author. See Section 11, the
VERSAMAP Order Form, for details.
As an example of the detail available in WDB-II, the file,
VMTAIWAN.PKV, which contains all data from WDB-II for the island of
Taiwan, is included on the VERSAMAP disk. To plot the map of
Taiwan,
1. Set the map boundaries at 26 N to 21 N latitude, and 119 E to
123 E longitude using the Map Boundaries option in the Map
Design menu (use a grid spacing of 1 degree, i.e. 001 00 00).
2. Import the file VMTAIWAN.PKV into VERSAMAP using the Map Input
Filenames option in the Input/Output menu. Toggle all
geographic features on in the SELECT WORLD DATA BANK II
FEATURES list box.
3. Plot the map using the Size 100% option in the Run menu.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 44
When VERSAMAP plots maps using Micro Doc's packed .PKD files, it
determines the major category of data being plotted from the third
letter of the filename of the input file. In Micro Doc's file
naming scheme, this letter is unique for each of the 4 major
geographic categories. The third letter must be B for .PKD files
containing International Boundaries or Limits of Sovereignty; it
must be C for Coastlines, Islands, and Lakes; it must be R for
Rivers; and it must be P for Internal Political Boundaries. This
restriction on filenames is not necessary when you use .PKV files,
since geographic ranks in .PKV files are unique.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 45
7.2. Micro World Data Bank II (MWDB-II)
File extensions PNT, ALL, CCI
A database, covering the entire world, containing 178,000 latitude,
longitude points. Latitude and longitude are rounded to the nearest
minute and stored as six byte binary records. This database was
derived from WDB-II by Micro Doc (3108 Jackson Street, Bellevue, NE
68005). An enhanced version of MWDB-II, containing boundaries for
the new countries which have formed from the Soviet Union and from
Yugoslavia, for Slovakia and Eritrea, for Canadian Provinces, and
for Australian States is available from the author. See Section
7.3, VERSAMAP Micro World Database, for details.
VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features from MWDB-II:
coastlines, islands, lakes, rivers, countries, and U.S. States.
MWDB-II contains several types of digital map files. The first type
(file extension .PNT) contains points from a single geographic
feature at 5 levels of detail. The second file type (file extension
.ALL) contains points for all geographic features at a single level
of detail. A third MWDB-II file, MWDB5.CCI, contains only country,
coastline, and island points at the lowest level of detail. The
.ALL and .CCI files are made from the .PNT files using the utility
program, SELECT.EXE, supplied with MWDB-II. SELECT.EXE allows the
user to build customized map files containing any number of
geographic features and levels of detail. To save disk space,
MWDB1.ALL and MWDB2.ALL, the 2 largest files, are not included in
the MWDB-II package. They are constructed by the user from the .PNT
files and SELECT.EXE upon receiving MWDB-II.
Summary of Micro World Data Bank II Files
Filename Size(bytes) # Points Comment
MWDB1.ALL 1,068,408 178,068 The entire database
MWDB2.ALL 652,500 108,750
MWDB3.ALL 157,176 26,196
MWDB4.ALL 82,560 13,760
MWDB5.ALL 27,180 4,530
MWDB5.CCI 19,110 3,185
COAST.PNT 449,802 74,967 Coastlines
ISLAND.PNT 211,026 35,171 Islands
LAKE.PNT 90,708 15,118 Lakes
RIVER.PNT 169,164 28,194 Rivers
COUNTRY.PNT 134,154 22,359 Country borders
STATE.PNT 13,554 2,259 U.S. State borders
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 46
7.3. VERSAMAP Micro World Database
File extension MAP
A database containing 196,000 latitude, longitude points. Latitude
and longitude are rounded to the nearest minute and stored as six
byte binary records. This database is an enhanced version of
MWDB-II described in Section 7.2. Both map databases have the same
file structure. Enhancements incorporated in the VERSAMAP Micro
World Database include (1) borders for the new countries which have
formed from the Soviet Union; (2) borders for Eritrea, Slovakia, and
the Yugoslav Republics, (3) borders for Canadian Provinces; (4)
borders for Australian States; (5) more detail for U.S. State
boundaries; (6) increased detail for the borders of Israel, Oman,
the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen; and (7) removal of the borders
between East and West Germany, and between the Yemen Arab Republic
and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.
VMAP1.MAP through VMAP5.MAP, the digital map files supplied with
VERSAMAP Micro World Database, are enhanced versions of the
equivalent .ALL files in MWDB-II.
VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features from VERSAMAP
Micro World Database: coastlines, islands, lakes, rivers, countries,
U.S. States, Canadian Provinces, and Australian States.
VERSAMAP Micro World Database Files
Filename Size Number Avg distance between points
(bytes) Points nautical miles km
VMAP1.MAP 1,174,788 195,798 4 7
VMAP2.MAP 719,670 119,946 6 11
VMAP3.MAP 187,122 31,187 19 35
VMAP4.MAP 98,490 16,415 33 61
VMAP5.MAP 34,944 5,824 72 133
The complete set of VERSAMAP Micro World Database .MAP files is
available on floppy disk from the author. See Section 11, the
VERSAMAP Order Form, for details.
7.4. USGS Digital Line Graph Data (USGS DLG)
File extensions GRF, GRV
A database developed by the U.S. Geological Survey containing
detailed maps of all 50 states. The database divides the United
States into 21 sections. The digital data for each section contains
the following major categories: (1) streams and rivers, (2)
coastlines and lakes, (3) roads, (4), railroads, (5) political
boundaries, (6) administrative boundaries, (7) cultural features,
and (8) hypsography. Each major category contains numerous minor
categories characterized by the size of the geographic feature. The
most recent data in the database dates from 1980.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 47
Data in the USGS DLG database were derived by digitizing 1:2,000,000
scale maps from the National Atlas of the United States at a
resolution of 0.001 inch. At 1:2,000,000 scale, 1 inch equals 32
statute miles (1 cm equals 20 km). Successive points in the
database are never more than 127 seconds (approximately 2 miles or
3 km) of latitude or longitude apart.
The database is available on CD-ROM (US GeoData - 1:2,000,000-Scale
Digital Line Graph (DLG) Data) and can be ordered from the Earth
Science Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 507 National
Center, Reston, VA 22092. Phone number: 1-800-USA-MAPS.
VERSAMAP can plot maps using DLG data in the graphic file format
(.GRF file extension) directly from the above CD-ROM. These .GRF
files consist of 20 character ASCII records, in which latitude and
longitude are given to the nearest second. The entire set of .GRF
files, covering all 50 states, occupies 144 million bytes of space
on the CD-ROM.
To reduce storage requirements, and speed plotting, the ASCII .GRF
files have been converted to the binary, packed WDB-II format
mentioned above. The .GRF files in packed WDB-II format have the
file extension .GRV. The packed .GRV files occupy 8 times less disk
space (18 million bytes) and plot several times faster than the
original ASCII .GRF files. Packed .GRV files, for the 21 sections
of the United States or for the entire country, are available on
high density, floppy disks from the author. See Section 11, the
VERSAMAP Order Form, for details.
As an example of the detail available in the USGS DLG data, the
file, VMOAHU.GRV, which contains all data from the US GeoData CD-ROM
for the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands, is included on the
VERSAMAP disk. To plot the map of Oahu,
1. Set the map boundaries at 22 N to 21 N latitude, and 159 W to
157 W longitude using the Map Boundaries option in the Map
Design menu (use a grid spacing of 1 degree, i.e. 001 00 00).
2. Import the file VMOAHU.GRV into VERSAMAP using the Map Input
Filenames option in the Input/Output menu. Toggle all
geographic features on in the SELECT USGS DIGITAL LINE GRAPH
FEATURES list box.
3. Plot the map using the Size 100% option in the Run menu.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 48
VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features using DLG data
in either .GRF or .GRV file formats.
Geographic Features Included in USGS DLG Data
# Feature Name
Rivers and Streams
1 River, double line, shoreline
2 River, double line, centerline
3 River, perennial, <30 km
4 River, perennial, <100 km
5 River, perennial, <350 km
6 River, perennial, >=350 km
7 River, intermittent, <30 km
8 River, intermittent, <100 km
9 River, intermittent, <350 km
10 River, intermittent, >=350 km
11 River in lake, perenn. <30 km
12 River in lake, perenn. <80 km
13 River in lake, perenn. >=80 km
14 River in lake, interm. <30 km
15 River in lake, interm. >=30 km
16 Braided stream
17 Canal, navigable, <20 km
18 Canal, navigable, <80 km
19 Canal, navigable, >=80 km
20 Canal, other, <20 km
21 Canal, other, <80 km
22 Canal, other, >=80 km
23 Ditch
24 Intercoastal waterway
Water Bodies
25 U.S. coastline and Great Lakes
26 Lake, island, perennial <30 km
27 Lake, island, perennial <80 km
28 Lake, island, perennial >=80 km
29 Lake, intermittent <30 km
30 Lake, intermittent <80 km
31 Lake, intermittent >=80 km
32 Marsh, swamp, <50 km
33 Marsh, swamp, >=50 km
34 Dry lake, alkali flat
35 Glacier, <50 km
36 Glacier, >=50 km
Roads and Trails
37 Interstate highway
38 Interstate, proposed
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 49
39 Divided highway, limited access
40 Other hwy, limited access
41 Other hwy, non-limited access
42 Other hwy <10 km from major hwy
43 State secondary, all weather
44 Light duty, all weather
45 Unimproved, fair or dry weather
46 Highway, tunnel
47 Auto, ferry
Railroads
48 Railroad, main line
49 Railroad, branch line
50 Railroad, other
51 Railroad, tunnel
52 Railroad, ferry
Political Boundaries
53 International treaty line
54 National boundary, land
55 National boundary, water
56 State boundary, land
57 State boundary, water
58 County, large city, land
59 County, large city, water
60 City boundary, >1.0 million
61 City boundary, >0.5 million
62 City boundary, small
Note that USGS DLG sections 3, 10, 11, and 15
through 21 do not contain city boundaries
(features 60, 61, 62).
Administrative Boundaries
63 National park <20 km
64 National park >=20 km
65 National park closure line
66 Indian reservation <20 km
67 Indian reservation >=20 km
68 Indian reservation closure line
69 Military reservation <405 ha
70 Military reservation >=405 ha
71 Mil. reservation closure line
Cultural Features
72 Alaska pipeline
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 50
7.5. World Data Bank I
File extension DAT
An obsolete database, covering the entire world, developed by the
Central Intelligence Agency. World Data Bank I contains 79,000
points representing world coastlines. Latitude and longitude are
given to the nearest second. Data are stored as 20 character ASCII
records on 5, 5.25 inch, 360K disks, which can be ordered from the
National Technical Information Service, United States Department of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
7.6. The World Digitized
File extensions MPS, MP1
An obsolete, shareware database containing 100,000 latitude,
longitude points rounded to thousandths of a degree. The database
is available (in both binary and ASCII format) from shareware
vendors.
The World Digitized database is subdivided into directories, one
directory for each continent. Each of the World Digitized
directories contains 2 or more map files. To plot the entire World
Digitized database from VERSAMAP, you will have to concatenate the
individual .MPS (binary) or .MP1 (ASCII) files, since VERSAMAP will
not accept more than 9 input files. The VERSAMAP disks contain 2
files, VM_FIX.MPS and VM_FIX.MP1, which must be used to concatenate
World Digitized files for use with VERSAMAP. These 2 files,
VM_FIX.MPS and VM_FIX.MP1, force a line break at the end of each
World Digitized file when it is concatenated.
For example, to concatenate the World Digitized binary .MPS files in
the Europe subdirectory for use with VERSAMAP, use the following
form of the DOS copy command:
COPY /B E0.MPS + VM_FIX.MPS + E1.MPS + VM_FIX.MPS + E2.MPS +
VM_FIX.MPS + E3.MPS EUROPE.MPS
where EUROPE.MPS is the concatenated file.
A similar procedure (without the binary /B switch) is used to
concatenate the World Digitized ASCII .MP1 files for use with
VERSAMAP:
COPY E0.MP1 + VM_FIX.MP1 + E1.MP1 + VM_FIX.MP1 + E2.MP1 +
VM_FIX.MP1 + E3.MP1 EUROPE.MP1
Spurious diagonal lines will be plotted if you do not insert the
VM_FIX.MPS or VM_FIX.MP1 files between the World Digitized files
when they are concatenated for use with VERSAMAP.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 51
7.7. Importing Your Own Data into VERSAMAP
File extensions PRN or UTM
In addition to the above file formats, VERSAMAP will also accept
data in 2 ASCII formats. These ASCII formats provide an easy way
for users to plot their own data with VERSAMAP. The file extension
of these ASCII files must be PRN for coordinates in degrees, or UTM
for coordinates in meters. The PRN and UTM file formats are
identical, except for the difference in coordinates.
7.7.1. Record Structure for PRN Files
Coordinates are expressed as latitude and longitude in decimal
degrees; negative values represent South latitude or West longitude.
Use the following formula to convert latitude and longitudes given
as degrees, minutes, and seconds to decimal degrees:
Decimal lat/lon = degrees + minutes/60 + seconds/3600
For example, the decimal position for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22
degrees, 53 minutes, 43 seconds south latitude; 43 degrees, 13
minutes, 22 seconds west longitude) is:
Decimal latitude = -(22 + 53/60 + 43/3600) = -22.8953
Decimal longitude = -(43 + 13/60 + 22/3600) = -43.2228
The decimal position for Paris, France (48 degrees, 50 minutes, 14
seconds north latitude; 2 degrees, 20 minutes, 14 seconds east
longitude) is:
Decimal latitude = +(48 + 50/60 + 14/3600) = +48.8372
Decimal longitude = +( 2 + 20/60 + 14/3600) = + 2.3372
Decimal latitude and longitude, input into VERSAMAP, are rounded to
the nearest second. The program cannot distinguish between
positions less than 101 feet (31 meters, 1 second of latitude)
apart.
PRN File Format
field #1 - line header: -1 for new polyline
0 for point within polyline
field separator: one or more spaces (ASCII 32)
field #2 - latitude: decimal degrees, south latitude is
negative
field separator: one or more spaces (ASCII 32)
field #3 - longitude: decimal degrees, west longitude is
negative
end of record: carriage return (ASCII 13),
line feed (ASCII 10)
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 52
7.7.2. Record Structure for UTM Files
X,Y coordinates are expressed in meters. Coordinates may contain
decimal points, but they may not be negative.
UTM File Format
field #1 - line header: -1 for new polyline
0 for point within polyline
field separator: one or more spaces (ASCII 32)
field #2 - x coordinate: meters, value must be positive
field separator: one or more spaces (ASCII 32)
field #3 - y coordinate: meters, value must be positive
end of record: carriage return (ASCII 13),
line feed (ASCII 10)
Records with these formats can be generated by most word processors,
text editors, and spreadsheets.
NOTE: Several VERSAMAP users report getting INPUT PAST END OF
FILE error messages when plotting ASCII files. This error
message usually indicates that the ASCII file contains
additional carriage returns (blank lines) after the last
coordinate in the file. If you receive this error
message, delete any blank lines that occur at the end of
your file.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 53
7.7.3. Plotting Sample ASCII Files
The files VMAPUSER.PRN and VMAPUSER.UTM on the VERSAMAP disk are
short files using the above ASCII formats.
VMAPUSER.PRN contains the names and locations of 4 cities which plot
as points; plus 5 points in the Indian Ocean which plot as a box
when the points are connected by lines.
VMAPUSER.UTM contains the names and locations of Belfast and Dublin
which plot as points; plus 5 points in the center of Ireland which
plot as a box when the points are connected by lines.
Use these 2 files to study the appearance of the different symbols,
fonts, and colors that VERSAMAP can plot.
To plot the files,
1. Select the default Equirectangular projection for VMAPUSER.PRN,
or the default UTM projection for VMAPUSER.UTM.
2. Select the Labels option of the Map Design menu, and choose the
Display Labels item.
3. Select the Map Input Filenames option in the Input/Output menu.
4. Tab to filename #2, type VMAPUSER.PRN or VMAPUSER.UTM for the
filename, and press Enter.
5. When the window titled ENTER SYMBOL TYPE, COLOR, & SIZE
appears, select symbol type Solid square; the color Light
Magenta; size 03 pixels; and press Enter on the < ok > button.
6. When the window titled SELECT LABEL SIZE & COLOR appears,
select point size 10; label color Light Magenta; PIC font 1;
and press Enter on the < ok > button.
7. When asked for the next filename, tab to the < ok > button and
press Enter to end filename input.
8. To display the file, select the Size 100% option in the Run
menu.
The screen will show the individual cities, marked by light magenta
squares, with their names printed at the lower right corner of the
square.
The box plots as 4 individual points, because all symbol types,
except Line, plot as points. To plot the 4 individual points as a
box, repeat the above steps, but choose symbol type Line. In this
case, the cities plot as light magenta dots, 1 pixel in size, which
are hard to see; but the points of the box are connected by lines,
and plot as a rectangle.
To view the contents of VMAPUSER.PRN, type the following command at
the DOS prompt and press Enter (the word TYPE is part of the
command).
TYPE VMAPUSER.PRN
To view VMAPUSER.UTM, substitute VMAPUSER.UTM for VMAPUSER.PRN.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 54
8. Use of VERSAMAP with Graphing Programs
VERSAMAP can be used to prepare publication quality maps in
conjunction with suitable graphing programs. To be useful in
preparing maps, a graphing program should be able to:
1. handle large data sets;
2. use more than 1 data set per graph;
3. physically separate the X and Y axes, so that they do not show
on the figure;
4. connect individual points on the graph with lines; and
5. exclude data which exceeds the X- and Y-axis limits.
To print a map using a graphing program, import the map grid and the
output map boundary files into the program.
If there are two map grid files, the points in the first map grid
file should be plotted as dots, and the points in the second map
grid file should be connected by lines. If there is only one map
grid file, you can connect the grid points by lines or not,
depending on how you want the grid to appear.
The X- and Y-axes are scaled using the values of X-axis Length and
Y-axis Length listed under Relative Length of Axes on the VERSAMAP
Parameter Report. The relative X-axis Length is defined as 1.000000
for all maps; the relative Y-axis Length may be less than or greater
than unity, depending on the projection and grid chosen. Starting
values of the X- and Y-axes should be set at 0. The ending values
of the X- and Y-axes will depend on your graphing program, but in
general they will be one or both of the values listed under Relative
Length of Axes on the VERSAMAP Parameter Report.
You should configure the graphing program for data clipping (i.e.
exclude points which lie outside the limits of the X- and Y-axes).
This will prevent the dummy points (X = 5.000000), which indicate
new polylines (see Section 5.9, Save as ASCII), from being plotted.
Map and grid output files produced by VERSAMAP have been
successfully imported into the technical graphing programs, Grapher
and SigmaPlot. For use with SigmaPlot, dummy points (X,Y =
5.000000) which indicate line breaks in map output files must be
converted to dashes (X,Y = --------), indicating missing data,
before the files are imported into SigmaPlot. Changing the dummy
points from 5.000000 to -------- can be done using the search and
replace command in a word processor.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 55
9. Program Compatibility with Software and Hardware
VERSAMAP has been tested successfully on computers running under DOS
versions 4.01, 5.00, 6.00, and 6.20. VERSAMAP should run on any
computer with DOS 3.0 or higher.
9.1. Running VERSAMAP under Windows
To run VERSAMAP as a DOS program under Microsoft Windows:
1. Choose the Run option from the File menu in the Program
Manager.
2. Type C:\VERSAMAP\VMAP in the Command Line box. Change the
drive and path name if VERSAMAP is not stored in a directory
named VERSAMAP.
3. Choose the OK button.
Run VERSAMAP using the full screen. Do not run VERSAMAP in a
Window, since the mouse will not open VERSAMAP menus when the
program is running in a Window. If you must work in a Window, use
the Alt key to open the VERSAMAP menus.
9.2. Memory Requirements
The amount of conventional memory required to run VERSAMAP is
increased when the Courier or Helvetica fonts are loaded in the
program. With no font loaded, VERSAMAP requires at least 443,000
bytes of free conventional memory. With the Courier VGA font
loaded, the program requires 468,000 bytes of free memory. With the
Helvetica VGA font loaded, VERSAMAP requires 508,000 bytes of free
conventional memory.
9.3. Program Overlays
VERSAMAP uses program overlays to minimize conventional memory
usage. Overlays are stored in extended or expanded memory and
loaded into conventional memory as needed. On computers without
extended or expanded memory, overlays are loaded from disk.
Due to its use of program overlays, VERSAMAP runs fastest on
computers equipped with extended or expanded memory. If extended or
expanded memory is not available, you will notice a delay, upon
selecting menu items, as overlays are loaded into memory. This
delay is short for hard disks, but can be long when the program is
run from a floppy disk.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 56
9.4. Video Compatibility
VERSAMAP has been tested successfully on systems with EGA and VGA
adapters and monitors.
Several users have reported that VERSAMAP versions 1.20 and lower
would not run on their systems because it did not recognize the type
of video adapter (VGA or EGA) in their computer. This version of
VERSAMAP has been modified to allow users to force the program to
run in a particular video mode. This is done by adding an
additional parameter after the word VMAP on the DOS command line
when VERSAMAP is started. VERSAMAP recognizes the following command
line parameters:
Command Line Result
VMAP Run VERSAMAP, allow program to select video mode
VMAP VIDEO Display video monitor and adapter determined by
program
VMAP HELP Display list of valid command line parameters
VMAP EGA Force program to run in color EGA mode
VMAP EGAMONO Force program to run in monochrome EGA mode
VMAP VGA Force program to run in color or monochrome VGA
mode
If VERSAMAP cannot recognize the video system in your computer, you
will receive the error message "VERSAMAP 1.51 does not support your
monitor and/or video display adapter!". If you receive this error
message, and you know the type of video adapter and monitor in your
system, you can force VERSAMAP to run in that video mode by using
one of the above commands.
For instance, to force VERSAMAP to run in color EGA mode on a
computer known to contain an EGA video adapter and a color EGA
monitor, type the command VMAP EGA at the DOS prompt and then press
Enter.
10. Installing VERSAMAP
Installation of VERSAMAP is described in the file VMAPREAD.ME.
Please read VMAPREAD.ME for instructions on how to install the
program on your hard drive. Due to its size, VERSAMAP cannot be run
from a low-density 5.25", 360K floppy disk.
To run VERSAMAP, once it has been installed, change to the directory
containing the VERSAMAP files, type VMAP at the DOS prompt, and then
press the Enter key.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 57
11. VERSAMAP Order Form (version 1.51) page 1/3
Make checks payable to Charles Culberson. Persons living outside
the United States can register VERSAMAP by obtaining a Postal Money
Order payable in U.S. dollars from their National Post Office; or by
personal check in their local currency at the current exchange rate.
Send order form and comments to:
Charles Culberson
8 Ritter Lane
Newark, DE 19711
USA
------------------ Registration, version 1.51 ------------------
Date: __________________________________________________________
Where did you obtain VERSAMAP? _________________________________
Your Name: _____________________________________________________
E-mail Address: ________________________________________________
Postal Address: ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Please mark the floppy disk size that you would like the VERSAMAP
files supplied on.
5.25" 1.2M 3.5" 1.4M
--------------------------- Comments ---------------------------
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 58
11. VERSAMAP Order Form (version 1.51) page 2/3
Item Cost
1. VERSAMAP, registered copy , $15 ______
Most recent version of mapping program plus Helvetica
fonts, maps VMAP3.MAP (31,000 points) and VMAP5.MAP
(6,000 points), and gazetteer containing positions of
over 600 world cities.
2. Printed Manual, $15 ______
Printed copy of VERSAMAP instruction manual with clear
plastic cover. The text of the printed manual is
identical to the text of the manual, VMAP.DOC, included
on the VERSAMAP disk.
3. VERSAMAP Micro World Database, $15 ______
Complete set of 5 maps, VMAP1.MAP (196,000 points) to
VMAP5.MAP (6,000 points). See Section 7.3 of
instruction manual for details.
4. World Data Bank II in VERSAMAP .PKV format. See
Section 7.1 of instruction manual for details.
Region Comments
Africa Suez Canal divides Africa and Eurasia
Eurasia includes Japan and Taiwan
Latin America Mexico to Chile, including Antarctica
North America Canada, United States (Hawaii is in Oceania)
Oceania Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, New
Zealand, and Pacific Islands
------- Circle regions wanted -------
Region Number of Cost
Disks
Africa 2 $10
Eurasia 5 $25
North America 3 $15
Latin America 2 $10
Oceania 1 $ 5
Total cost of World Data Bank II files. ______
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 59
11. VERSAMAP Order Form (version 1.51) page 3/3
Item Cost
5. USGS Digital Line Graph data in VERSAMAP .GRV format.
See Section 7.4 of instruction manual for details.
-------------- Circle sections wanted --------------
USGS States on disk(s) Number of
Sections Disks
01 CT, MA, ME, NY, VT, NH, RI 1
02 DE, MD, OH, NJ, PA, VA, WV 1
03, 04 FL, GA, NC, SC 1
05 AL, AR, LA, MS, TN 2
06 IA, IL, IN, KY, MO 2
07 MI, MN, WI 1
08 TX (TX in section 09 also) 1
09 TX, OK (TX in section 08 also) 1
10 CO, KS, NE 1
11 MT, ND, SD, WY (MT in section 15 also) 1
12 AZ, NM 1
13, 14, 21 CA, HI, NV, UT 1
15 ID, MT, OR, WA (MT in section 11 also) 1
16 thru 20 AK 5
Total cost of USGS Digital Line Graph files
(number of disks x $5 per disk). ______
6. $5 charge for shipping to addresses outside the U.S.
or Canada. ______
7. $7 charge for checks drawn on foreign banks in foreign
currency. Except for Canadian banks, I cannot accept
checks drawn on foreign banks in U.S. currency. There
is no charge for checks drawn on U.S. banks. ______
Minimum order is $15. Total cost of items 1 through 7,
or $15, whichever is greater. ______
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 60
12. Acknowledgements
VERSAMAP is written in Microsoft Visual Basic for MS-DOS. VERSAMAP
uses the font files COURB.FON, COURE.FON, HELVB.FON, and HELVE.FON
supplied with Microsoft BASIC 7.0. Portions(C) 1982-1989 Microsoft
Corporation. All rights reserved.
VERSAMAP uses routines from the PCX Programmer's Toolkit, Copyright
(c) Genus Microprogramming, Inc. 1988-1990.
VERSAMAP uses the QuickWindows Advanced User Interface Library which
is Copyrighted 1990 by Software Interphase, Inc.
The boundary files, VMAP1.MAP through VMAP5.MAP, contain data from
Micro World Data Bank II, a digital map database placed in the
Public Domain by Fred Pospeschil and Antonio Riveria.
The enhanced World Data Bank II files (.PKV file extension)
distributed with VERSAMAP are derived from the packed, binary
version of World Data Bank II (.PKD file extension) developed and
placed in the Public Domain by Fred Pospeschil (Micro Doc, 3108
Jackson Street, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA).
AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc. CorelDRAW is
copyrighted by Corel Systems Corporation. Epson is a registered
trademark of Epson America, Inc. Grapher is a trademark of Golden
Software, Inc. Hewlett-Packard is a registered trademark of
Hewlett-Packard Company. Lotus and 1-2-3 are registered trademarks
of Lotus Development Corporation. Microsoft is a registered
trademark and Windows, Visual Basic, and MS-DOS are trademarks of
the Microsoft Corporation. SigmaPlot is a trademark of Jandel
Corporation.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 61
13. Glossary
Aspect: Conceptual placement of a projection in relation to the
earth's axis (polar, equatorial, oblique).
Azimuthal projection: Projection on which the azimuth or direction
from the central point to any other point is shown correctly.
The scale of an azimuthal projection is constant along the
circumference of any circle centered on the map center.
Central meridian: Meridian passing through the center of a
projection, often a straight line about which the projection is
symmetrical.
Conformal projection: Projection on which all angles at each point
are preserved. On a conformal projection the scale is the same
in all directions at a given point.
Conic projection: Projection resulting from the conceptual
projection of the earth onto a tangent or secant cone, which is
then cut lengthwise and laid flat.
Cylindrical projection: Projection resulting from the conceptual
projection of the earth onto a tangent or secant cylinder, which
is then cut lengthwise and laid flat.
Ellipsoid: A solid geometric figure formed by rotating an ellipse
about its shorter axis.
Equal-area projection: Projection on which the areas of all
regions are shown in the same proportion to their true areas.
Shapes may be greatly distorted.
Equatorial aspect: Aspect of a projection on which the center of
projection or the origin is some point along the Equator.
Equidistant projection: Projection that maintains constant scale
along all great circles from one or two points.
Great circle: Any circle on the surface of the earth (assumed to
be a sphere) formed by the intersection of the surface with a
plane passing through the center of the earth. It is the
shortest distance between any two points on the circle and
therefore important for navigation. All meridians and the
Equator are great circles.
Grid: Network of lines representing a selection of the earth's
parallels and meridians.
Kilometer: Unit of length in the metric system. 1 km = 1000
meters = 0.53961 nautical miles = 3280.8 feet.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 62
Latitude: Angle made by a perpendicular to a given point on the
surface of the earth and the plane of the Equator, north or south
to 90 degrees. One of the two common geographic coordinates of
a point on the earth.
Longitude: Angle made by the plane of a meridian passing through
a given point on the earth's surface and the plane of the (prime)
meridian passing through Greenwich, England, east or west to 180
degrees. One of the two common geographic coordinates of a point
on the earth.
Meridian: Reference line on the earth's surface formed by the
intersection of the surface with a plane passing through both
poles and some third point on the surface. This line is
identified by its longitude. On the earth, this line is half a
great circle.
Meter: Basic unit of distance in the metric system. Originally
defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the
poles. Consequently, 90 degrees of latitude is approximately
equal 10,000,000 meters. 1 meter = 3.2808 feet.
Nautical mile: One minute of arc along a great circle. For a
spherical earth of radius 6371 km, 1 nautical mile = 1853.2
meters = 6080 feet = 1 minute of arc. Consequently, 1 degree
of arc = 60 minutes of arc = 60 nautical miles.
Oblique aspect: Aspect of a projection on which the center of the
projection or the origin is located at a point which is neither
at a pole nor along the Equator.
Parallel: Small circle on the surface of the earth formed by the
intersection of the surface with a plane parallel to the plane of
the Equator. This line is identified by its latitude. The
Equator (a great circle) is also treated as a parallel.
Polar aspect: Aspect of a projection on which the earth is viewed
from the polar axis.
Radius of the earth: VERSAMAP assumes that the earth is a sphere
of radius 6371 km for all projections except the Universal
Transverse Mercator.
Scale: Ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding distance
on the earth; usually stated in the form 1:5,000,000, for
example.
Secant cone, cylinder: A secant cone or cylinder intersects the
earth's surface along two separate lines.
Small circle: Circle formed by the intersection of the earth's
surface and a plane that does not pass through the center of the
earth. Parallels of latitude, other than the Equator, are small
circles.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 63
Spheroid: A solid geometric figure formed by rotating an ellipse
about its shorter axis.
Standard parallel: A parallel of latitude along which the scale of
the map is correct. There are one or two standard parallels on
most cylindrical and conic map projections.
Statute mile: Unit of distance on land. 1 statute mile = 5280
feet = 1.60934 km = 0.86842 nautical miles.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 64
14. References
When plotting maps with VERSAMAP it is useful to have an atlas handy
to determine the latitude/longitude coordinates of the area you wish
to plot. An easy to use, up-to-date, and reasonably priced atlas is
the:
Quick Reference World Atlas. 1995. Rand McNally & Company,
Chicago. 58 pages. $5.95. ISBN 0-528-83733-8.
A easily understandable book on the theory of map projections is:
Porter W. McDonnell. 1991. Introduction to Map Projections.
Second edition. Landmark Enterprises, 10324 Newton Way, Rancho
Cordova, California 95670. 198 pages. ISBN 0-8247-6830.
The map projections and equations used in this program, along with
most of the definitions in the Glossary are taken from:
John P. Snyder. 1987. Map Projections - A Working Manual.
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395. U.S.
Government Printing Office. 383 pages.
John P. Snyder and Philip M. Voxland. 1989. An Album of Map
Projections. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453.
U.S. Government Printing Office. 249 pages.
A detailed, technical book on map projections is:
D. H. Maling. 1992. Coordinate Systems and Map Projections.
Second edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 476 pages.
ISBN 0-08-037234-1.
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 65
15. Index
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 61
Add Text to Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 25, 28, 30, 37, 39
Administrative boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 50
Afghanistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 42, 44, 59
Airy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 20
Alaska pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Albers equal-area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 16, 22
ALL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 34, 46, 47
Alt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6, 27, 56
Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42, 44, 59
ASCII. . . . . . . .2, 28-30, 32, 34, 35, 38-40, 42, 44, 48, 51-55
Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13, 62, 63
Association of Shareware Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44, 59
Australian states. . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 25, 43, 44, 46, 47
AutoCAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 61
Azimuthal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 14, 16-18, 24, 62
Azimuthal equal-area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 14, 17, 24
Azimuthal equidistant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 17, 24
Background color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 16, 30, 36
Bessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Boundary file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 20
Burma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44, 59, 60
Canadian provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 25, 43, 46, 47
CCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 34, 46
Central latitude of the map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Central longitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
CGM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 27-30, 32, 37, 38
Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 59
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Clarke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
CNF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Coastlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 43-47, 51
Color. . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 16, 23-26, 30, 33, 34, 36, 54, 57
Command line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56, 57
Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 56, 57
Configuration file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Conformal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13, 16, 22, 62
Conformal conic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 16, 22
Conic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 16, 22, 62, 64
CorelDRAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38, 61
Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 24, 44, 46, 47
COUR_EGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 28
COUR_VGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 28
Courier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 25, 26, 28, 29, 56
Cylindrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 62, 64
DAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33, 51
Data clipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
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Default. . . . . . . 1, 4, 5, 9, 13, 17-25, 29, 33, 34, 36, 38, 54
Degree sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Degrees of latitude between grid marks . . . . . . . . . . .17, 18
Degrees of longitude between grid marks. . . . . . . . . . .17, 18
Digital Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 25, 34, 42, 47, 48, 60
Digital map. . . . . . . . 1, 2, 4, 25, 33, 34, 39, 42, 46, 47, 61
Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 29, 31-33, 35, 51, 56, 57
Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 3
Disk directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 35
Display Previous Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 29, 31, 37
Distance above surface in kilometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
DOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 6, 27, 51, 54, 56, 57, 61
Dot matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 32, 36
DXF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 27-30, 32, 37, 38
Easternmost longitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Easting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 19, 20
EGA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4, 28, 29, 32, 57
Ellipsoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 14, 15, 62
Equal-area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 62
Equatorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 19, 62
Equidistant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 62
Equidistant conic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 16, 22
Equirectangular. . . . . . . . . . 4, 9-11, 16, 17, 23, 38, 39, 54
Eritrea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44, 46, 47
Error message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 17, 18, 21, 22, 53, 57
Esc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7, 9, 27, 28, 35, 36, 41
Eurasia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44, 59
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 42, 44, 51
Everest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5-7, 10, 17, 22-24, 35, 36
Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 29, 30, 32, 38-40
F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Filename . . . . . . . . . . .24, 25, 31, 33, 34, 36-40, 45-47, 54
FON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 28, 61
Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 16, 25, 26, 28, 29, 54, 56, 61
Format . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 38, 40, 42, 43, 48, 51-53, 59, 60
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 19, 52
Gauss-Kruger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 15, 19, 20
Geographic Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 34, 38, 46, 47
Geological Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 34, 42, 47, 48, 65
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Gnomonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 17, 24
Grapher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55, 61
Graphing program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 55
Great Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 23, 32, 35, 40, 62, 63
Great Circle Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23, 32, 35, 40
GRF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 47-49
Grid color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 30, 36
Grid file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38, 55
Grid type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 24, 35, 38
GRV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 34, 47-49, 60
Hammer equal-area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11, 16
Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
HELV_EGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 28
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HELV_VGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 28
Helvetica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 4, 25, 26, 28, 29, 56, 59
Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26, 29, 32, 38, 40, 44, 48, 55
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 66
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 44, 59
Input field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Input file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 9, 25, 33, 34, 38, 45
Input past end of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Input/Output menu. . .1, 19, 23, 25, 28, 30, 32, 36-40, 44, 48, 54
Installing VERSAMAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 3, 57
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 20, 54
Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 43-48, 59
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43, 47
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Krasovsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 20
Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 29, 30, 34, 54
Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 43, 45-47, 49
Laser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 32, 36
Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44, 59
Latitude . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 5, 6, 16-22, 35, 39, 40, 52, 63
Latitude and longitude limits. . . . . . . . . . .7, 8, 16, 17, 21
Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Letter B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Letter T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
List box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 8, 24, 34, 35, 44, 48
Longitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 5, 6, 16-22, 35, 39, 52, 63
Lotus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26, 32, 61
MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4, 5, 25, 33, 34, 47, 59, 61
Map Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 16-18, 20, 44, 48
Map Design menu. . . .1, 16, 25, 28, 30, 31, 35-38, 40, 44, 48, 54
Map Input Filenames. . . . . . . . . . .25, 32, 33, 38, 40, 48, 54
Map Parameter Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 32, 35-37, 40
Math coprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Menu . . 1, 4-10, 16, 19, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30-32, 35-41, 44, 48, 54
Menu bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7, 9, 27, 35-37, 41
Mercator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-11, 14, 16, 17, 63
Meridian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 62, 63
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Micro Doc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44-46, 61
Micro World Data Bank II . . . . . . . . .1, 7, 24, 34, 42, 46, 61
Microsoft Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Mouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6, 7, 27, 28, 56
MP1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 33, 51
MPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 33, 51
MWDB-II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 25, 42, 46, 47
National Grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
North America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 42, 44, 59
Northernmost latitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Northing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 19-21
Oahu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 48
Oblique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62, 63
Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44, 59
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Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Ombudsman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Order form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 2, 4, 44, 47, 48, 58-60
Orthographic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 17, 24
Output file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 38, 39
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 12, 22, 23, 63, 64
PCX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 27, 28, 30, 32, 36, 37, 61
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 59
PIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 25-30, 32, 37, 38, 54
PIC font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 26, 54
PKD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 42-45, 61
PKV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 34, 42-45, 59, 61
PNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 33, 46
Point size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 29, 34, 54
Polar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 13, 15, 62, 63
Political boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 43-45, 47, 50
Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33, 39, 40, 52, 53
Print Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 28, 30, 32, 36
Printer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 36
Printer port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
PrintGraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
PRN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 4, 29, 30, 33, 34, 40, 52, 54
Projection menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 6, 10
Pull-down menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Pushbutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Radius of earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 14, 19, 63
Railroads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38, 47, 50
Range of map in degrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Recall Map Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 31
REGISTER.DOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 4
Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 3, 4, 58
Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 38, 43-47, 49
Robinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 16
Run menu . . . . . . . . . 1, 4, 9, 23, 31, 37, 39, 41, 44, 48, 54
Satellite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Save as ASCII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 32, 38, 39, 55
Save as CGM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 30, 32, 37
Save as DXF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 32, 37
Save as PCX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 28, 30, 32, 36
Save as PIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 32, 37
Save Great Circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 40
Save Map Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 31
Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43, 44
Select Font. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 28, 29
Select Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 36
Shareware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4, 42, 51
SigmaPlot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55, 61
Size 100%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 37, 39, 41, 44, 48, 54
Size 70% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37, 39, 41
Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44, 46, 47
Sources of digital map data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 42
Southernmost latitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Soviet Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 44, 46, 47
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Spheroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 20, 64
Standard Parallel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 23, 64
States . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 24, 25, 42-44, 46-48, 51, 58-60
Stereographic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 24
Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 49
Suez canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33, 54
Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 22, 23, 27, 33, 34, 36-39, 54
Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 44, 59
Text . . . . . . . . . 2, 8, 16, 25-31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 53, 59
Text # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 28
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
U.S. Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . .25, 34, 42, 47, 48, 65
U.S. states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 43, 46, 47
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
United States. . . . . . . . . .12, 25, 42, 44, 47, 48, 51, 58, 59
Universal Transverse Mercator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 14
USGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2, 25, 42, 47-50, 60
USGS DLG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 25, 42, 47-50
UTM. . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 14, 15, 18-21, 29, 30, 33, 34, 52-54
UTM zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-21
VERSAMAP Micro World Database. . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 46, 47, 59
Vertical perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 17, 18, 24
VGA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4, 28, 29, 32, 56, 57
Video. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 57
View Disk Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 35
VM_FIX.MP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 51
VM_FIX.MPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 51
VMAP.DOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 59
VMAP.EXE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 29
VMAP1.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 59, 61
VMAP2.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
VMAP3.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 4, 47, 59
VMAP4.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 5, 25, 33, 47
VMAP5.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 4, 47, 59, 61
VMAPREAD.ME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 57
VMAPUSER.PRN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 54
VMAPUSER.UTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 54
VMCITY.PRN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 4
VMOAHU.GRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 48
VMTAIWAN.PKV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 44
Wales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43, 44
Warsaw Pact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 20
WDB-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 42, 44, 46, 48
Westernmost longitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 27, 56, 61
World Data Bank I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 51
World Data Bank II . . . . .1, 2, 7, 24, 25, 34, 42-44, 46, 59, 61
World Digitized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 34, 51
X-axis Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 55
Y-axis Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 55
Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Yugoslav Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
VMAP.DOC version 1.51 Page 70
